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A HISTORY OF 



Orange County 
virginia 



From its Formation in 1734 (O. S.) to the end 

of Reconstruction in 1870 ; compiled 

mainly from Original Records 



With a Brief Sketch of the Beginnings of 

Virginia, a Summary of Local 

Events to 1907, and a Map 



By W. W. SCOTT 

State Law Librarian, Member of the State Historical 

Society, and for ten years State Librarian 

of Virginia 



richmond, va. 

Everett Waddey Co. 

1907 






LiBRAaYofCONutlESs| 
Two Copies KiCdiveO | 

DEC 21 1907 

Oopyriffft'. tntry 

Dec 6^ nn 

'copy b. J 



Copyright, 1907 
By W. W. Scott 



(c>^f 



To my Father. 

GARRETT SCOTT. 

Presiding Justice of the County of Orange from the creation of that 
office until displaced by the proscription that followed the war. He 
long enjoyed the confidence, esteem, and affection of all the people of 
his native county, and throughout this tract of years, 

" Wore the white flower of a blameless life." 



Also, in grate fill memory of his niece, 

ELIZABETH HENSHA W, 

of that part of Orange now called Kentucky ; to whose generosity, 
after the war. I owe my education at the University of Virginia. 



Historians ought to be precise, faithful, and unprejudiced; 
and neither interest nor fear, hatred nor affection, should make 
them swerve from the way of truth, whose mother is history, the 
rival of time, the depositary of great actions, witness of the past, 
example to the present, and monitor to the fviture, — Cervantes. 

— praecipuum munus annalium reor, ne virtutes sileantur, 
utque pravis dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit. — 
Tacitus, Annates III. 65. 



PREFACE. 



I have undertaken to write this book because I 
thought that the history of Orange was notable enough 
to deserve preser\''ation. 

It is much to be regretted that some competent 
person did not do this work long ago ; for in the lapse of 
time and the neglect of opportunity many things that 
ought to have been preserved can not now be narrated 
with confidence as history, hardly as tradition. 

Though much has perished, much remains. I have 
read with diligence the minute books of the county 
court from its organization in 1734 down to 1870; 
and can assert with complete candor that no known 
resource which I thought might afford information as 
to the past has been neglected. 

Name after name of places and people once locally 
historic has passed into oblivion and beyond the reach 
of the investigator. Regret is vain, and can not restore 
what is lost ; my effort has been to save what is left, 
and to perpetuate it for posterity. 

Fortunately the county records are in excellent 
preservation, and the order books of the county 
court contain the history of the count}^, in the main, 
so far as it may now be written, 

I have been advised by judicious and well meaning 
friends to omit some of the more shocking details, such 
as the burning of Eve at the stake, the beheading of 
Peter, the cutting off of ears, burning in the hands, etc. 

I have not been able to take this view, deeming it but a 
sorry attempt at writing history to suppress the truth. 

Indeed I think these so-called cruel episodes in the 
state of society then existing redound rather to the 



6 History of Orange County 

credit than to the reproach of our ancestors; when 
sternness in the administration of the law was an 
essential, not to say a cardinal, virtue. 

The sequence of the chapters, though far from being 
chronoiogical (which is the ideal sequence) is the best 
I could devise. Facts, far apart in time but relating 
to the same general subject, have to be grouped in the 
chapter treating of that subject. Otherwise there 
could be no orderl)'' narration of them. 

I have gone but little into the deed and will books, 
fearing that there is already too much detail, which, 
for the benefit of the antiquarian, has generally been 
put into appendices of which there are so many that I 
look for the criticism that " the book has appendicitis : " 
which, however, is the prevailing fashion. 

And genealogy has been altogether eschewed. 

Grateful acknowledgements are extended to Mr. 
Charles E. Kemper, of Staimton, himself a historian of 
excellent fame ; to Mr, W. G. Stanard, the well known 
antiquarian and editor of the Virginia Historical 
Magazine ; and to our courteous and obliging clerk, Mr. 
C. W. Woolfolk. 

I submit the book to the public with the assurance 
that it is the ti"uth as far as I have been able to ascertain 
it after diligent seeking; .the simple truth, unwarped by 
fear, favor, or affection. 

It has been written with no sordid motive, but I hope 
a sufficient number of copies may be sold to reimburse 
the cost of publication, and, perhaps with too much 
vanity, I look to the appreciation of my friends and 
of posterity for my main and enduring reward. 

W. W. Scott. 



EXPLANA TIONS. 



As sundry archaic terms are unavoidably employed 
in this work the following definitions are deemed neces- 
sary. 

"Style." The old style prevailed when the county 
was formed, and until 1752, when the year began 
March 25th; January, February, and March, up to the 
25th, constituting the last three instead of the first 
three months of the year. The change of 'style' 
consisted in dating the year from January ist instead 
of March 25 th ; and the addition of the eleven days was 
a mere incident. 

" Tiihahle. " For many years taxes were levied only 
on persons, not on property, and a tithable, generally 
speaking, was such a person as was subject to taxation ; 
usually all male persons sixteen years of age, and serv- 
ants of that age of both sexes. 

'' Pounds, shillings, etc." The colonial pound was 
not the pound sterling. The pound was twenty shil- 
lings, the shilling twelve pence, equivalent to $3.33^. 
and i6| cents, respectively. " 

''Gentleman." This term then, as now, was one of 
great vagueness, but always imparted a certain social 
or official distinction . The grades appear to have been 
servants, yeomen, planters, who appear to have been 
"gentlemen" or not, according to their property and 



7 



8 HiSTOKY OF Orange County 

family connections. To become a justice, sheriff, 
vestryman, etc., was to acquire the entitlement, at 
least, of "Gentleman." 

''Prison Bounds. " An area, not exceeding ten acres, 
about the jail where prisoners not committed for treason 
or felony had liberty, on giving security, to continue 
therein iintil discharged: mostly for the benefit of 
persons imprisoned for debt, the privilege lasting only 
one year. 

" Benefit of Clergy. " This was immunity from capital 
punishment for a first offense, applying at first only to 
people who could read, but later greatly extended so as 
to embrace even slaves. Abolished about 1796. 

" The Test. " In colonial times this oath was that the 
affiant doth believe that there is not the " real presence " 
in the elements of the communion of the Lord's Supper. 

The chief authorities relied on are the order books 
of the county court and other county records, Hening's 
Statutes at Large, manuscript records in the State 
Library, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biogra- 
phy, and other publications of the Virginia Historical 
Society. 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER I. 

Page 
The Seating of Virginia 13 

CHAPTER II. 
The Genesis of Orange 17 

CHAPTER III. 
Organization of the County 26 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Courthouses 33 

CHAPTER V. 
The Colonial Chtirches 42 

CHAPTER VI. 
Other Old Churches — The Dissenters 46 

CHAPTER VII. 
Indian Antiquities 52 

CHAPTER VIII. 
French and Indian Wars 58 

CHAPTER IX. 
Orange in the Revolution 63 

CHAPTER X. 
Germanna and the First Settlers 77 

CHAPTER XI. 

Progress to the Mines 87 

9 



lo History of Orange County 

CHAPTER XII. 

I'ttge 
The Knights of the Horseshoe 98 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Physical Features 1x4 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Social and Economic 121 

CHAPTER XV. 
Crimes and Punishments 133 

CHAPTER XVI. 
The Orange Humane Society 138 

CHAPTER XVII. 
From 1848 to 1861 144 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
The War Period 148 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Reconstruction, 1865 to 1870 160 

CHAPTER XX. 
Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907 166 

CHAPTER XXI. 

Miscellaneous 174 

CHAPTER XXII. 
Biographical Sketches 181 _^ 

CHAPTER XXIII. 
Historic and Other Homes 202 

CHAPTER XXIV. 
Being a Personal Retrospect 216 



Contents i i 

APPENDICES. 

Page 
Importations 225 

Census, 1782 230 

Will of President Madison 239 

War of i8i2 244 

1/ .War of The Revolution 247 

Commissions, 1734-1783 258 

Roster of the Montpelier Guards During John Brown Raid, 1859 263 

Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861 to 1865 264 

Members of the Various Conventions 278 

Members of the Colonial House of Burgesses 279 

Index. 281 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Montpelier Frontispiece 

At Burlington t 26 

Barboursville 3^ 

Cameron Lodge 88 

Church of the Blind Preacher 46 

CUfton 176 

Frascati 18 

Hawfield 9^ 

Map of Orange County 13 

Mayhurst 1 60 

Montebello 112 

Mount Sharon 56 

Pleasant View i44 

Rocklands 80 

Soldier's Rest 72 

Somerset 64 

Tomb of Madison 206 

Woodle)'' 168 

Wood Park 136 



MAP OF 

ORANGE COUNTY, 

VIRGINIA 



Su;ilu Ofjlilrs 



m\ 



\3 







.Mp||.o,li,.t JL-LuuI H^ 



History of Orange County 

0^ 

' CHAPTER I. 



The Seating of Virginia. 

A brief sketch of the beginnings of Virginia seems a 
necessary introduction to a history of Orange. For 
though this history will be mainly confined to the 
present narrow limits of the County, it ought to be 
known to those who may read it that Orange was once a 
principality in extent, embracing in her limits five 
prosperous states of the Union, and parts of two others. 

All of North America between Florida and Nova 
Scotia was known as Virginia for a number of years; 
Queen Elizabeth having been so charmed by Sir Walter 
Raleigh's sea captains' accounts of the coasts of the 
Carolinas in 1585 that she named the countr}^ Virginia 
in honor of herself, the "Virgin Queen." 

Unfortunately all of Raleigh's attempts to found a 
colony on these shores failed, and the unknown fate of 
the one at Roanoke Island, North Carolina, remains a 
pathetic mystery. 

It was not until 1607, in the reign of James I, that a 
settlement was made in Virginia proper. The charter 
of 1606 to the "Virginia Company of London" granted 

13 



14 History of Orange County 

the right to found a colony one hundred miles square 
anywhere between the thirty-fourth and forty-first 
degrees of north latitude ; that is, between the mouths 
of Cape Fear river in North Carolina and Hudson river 
in New York; and to the "Virginia Company of 
Plymouth ' ' a similar right between the thirty-eighth 
and forty-fifth degrees; that is, between the Potomac 
river and Nova Scotia. Either company might 
occupy in the overlapping region, but neither should 
make a settlement within one hundred miles of the other. 

Under this charter Jamestown was founded May 13, 
1607, by the Virginia Company of London. A second 
charter was granted this company in 1609 by the 
terms of which the boundaries of the colony were 
extended along the coast two hundred miles, north and 
south, from Point Comfort, and "up into the land 
throughout from sea to sea, west and northwest, and 
also all the islands lying within one hundred miles 
along the coasts of both seas." 

Of course these boundaries were never actually 
attained. From 'sea to sea' must have meant from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and the line projected 
"west and northwest" embraced nearly all of the 
Great Lakes and the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. To this 
latter part, known subsequently as the Northwest 
Territory, Virginia claimed title under the charter. 
She also acquired title to it later, by conquest of her 
own soldiers under George Rogers Clark, under orders 
from Patrick Henry, the then governor, during the 
Revolutionary War. But to quiet dissension, she ceded 



The Seating of Virginia 15 

it to the federal government in 1784, only reserving 
land therein vSufficient to fulfil her promise of land 
grants to her soldiers in the Revolutionar}^ and Indian 
wars. 

It was probably all of a hundred years from the set- 
tlement at Jamestown before a white man, unless 
simply as a hunter or Indian trader, set his foot any- 
where in Orange. The movement toward the 'fron- 
tiers' was very slow, and almost exclusively along the 
main water courses. In Colonel Byrd's famous "West- 
over Manuscripts" are published the depositions of 
Francis Thornton and John Taliaferro. Thornton 
deposed that in 1703 there were but two settlements 
above his house on the lower side of Snow Creek, which 
is about fifteen miles below Fredericksburg, the upper- 
most of which was about four miles below the Falls, 
that is Falmouth: Taliaferro, that in 1707 there were 
but three settlements above his house on Snow Creek, 
on the south side of the Rappahannock. 

Indeed the settlement at Jamestown languished till 
towards 1620, though soon afterwards the Colon}'^ 
began to grow and prosper. In 1622 the population 
numbered 4,000 persons, and though from 1609 to 
1 6 10, after John Smith's return to England, there had 
been a period known as the "Starving Time" when 
many people were famishing or barely subsisting on 
roots, herbs, acorns, berries, walnuts and even on skins 
and snakes, in 1622 there was great abundance of 
grain, fruit, and vegetables ; wine and silk were made in 
considerable quantities, sixty thousand pounds of 
tobacco was grown, and cattle had increased rapidly. 



i6 History of Orange County 

Women were imported and sold to the colonists, and 
the price of a wife rose from one htmdred and twenty to 
a hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. 

In that year, 1622, occurred the great massacre, 
incited by Opechancanough, when hundreds of men, 
women, and children were treacherously slain, and all 
the cattle were driven off. 

It was long before the colony recovered from this 
blow, and the extension of the frontiers toward the 
mountains was greatly delayed by it and by the 
general hostile attitude of the Indians. 



CHAPTER 11. 



The Genesis of Orange. 

/ 

^ In 1634, just one hundred years before the formation 
of Orange, "the country was divided into eight shires 
which are to be governed as the shires in England. 
And Heutenants to be appointed the same as in Eng- 
land, and in a more especial manner to take care of the 
war against Indians. Sheriffs shall be elected as in 
England, to have the same powers as there ; and ser- 
geants and bailiffs, where need requires." (i Hen., 
224.) 

Of these original shires one was named Charles River ; 
so called after the river as named by the colonists in 
honor of King Charles. The Indian name of the whole 
river had been Pamaunkee (spelled Pomunkey by 
Hening) which means, according to Campbell the 
historian, "where we took a sweat." 

It is not known when these political divisions ceased 
to be called shires and became known as counties, but in 
1642-3 the name of the shire Charles River, then called 
County, was changed to York, and the river below the 
confluence of the Mattaponi was called York River. The 
boundaries of these counties were not defined towards 
the frontiers, and it is assumed that, like Spotsylvania, 
they extended as far "as might be convenient. " 

17 



i8 History of Orange County 

The genesis here becomes somewhat confused. Lan- 
caster County is first mentioned by Hening in 1652, 
when it had two representatives at a session of the 
House of Burgesses. 

It is included because subsequent formations relate 
back to it and seem to constitute it a link in the line. 

New Kent was formed from York in 1654. 

Old Rappahannock from Lancaster in 1656, ceasing 
to be a county name in 1692, when two counties, 
Richmond and Essex, were formed from it. 

And thus Orange, as will be seen later, furnishes the 
paradox of being alike the daughter and the mother of 
a Rappahannock County. 

King and Queen was formed from New Kent in 1691. 

Essex from old Rappahannock in 1692. 

King William from King and Queen in 1701. 

Spotsylvania from Essex, King William, and King 
and Queen in 1720; and 

Orange from Spotsylvania in 1734. 

This is believed to be the genealogy of Orange, direct 
and collateral. To complete its geography, its dis- 
memberment and line of descent is here added. 

Augusta and Frederick, embracing all the territory 
of Orange lying north and west of the top of the Blue 
Ridge, were formed in 1738. 

Culpeper, embracing Madison and Rappahannock, 
was formed from Orange in 1748. 

Madison was formed from Culpeper in 1792, and 
named for James Madison. 

Rappahannock was formed from Culpeper in 1833. 



> 

o 
> 



cm 




The Genesis of Orange 19 

Greene, named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, 
was formed from Orange in 1838, the last dismem- 
berment. 

While it might be interesting, it would be beyond 
the scope of this book to attempt even an outline history 
of the many counties named in this genesis. Spotsyl- 
vania, as the immediate territory from which Orange 
was formed, must be briefly considered. 

In 1720, the seat of government being at Williams- 
burg, the following Act "for erecting the counties of 
Spotsylvania and Brunswick" was passed by the " Gen- 
eral Assembly," for so the law-making power was 
called even at that early date: 

"Preamble, That the frontiers towards the high movmtains are 
exposed to danger from the Indians, and the late settlements of the 
French to the westward of the said motintains. 

Enacted, Spotsylvania County bounds upon Snow Creek up to 
the Mill, thence by a southwest line to the river North Anna, thence 
up the said river as far as convenient, and thence by a line to be 
run over the high mountains to the river on the northwest side 
thereof, so as to include the northern passage through the said 
mountains, thence down the said river until it comes against the 
head of Rappahannock, thence by a line to the head of Rappahan- 
nock river, and down that river to the mouth of Snow Creek; 
which tract of land from the first of May, 1721, shall become a 
county, by the name of Spotsylvania Cotmty." 4 Hening, 77. 

The County was named for Lieutenant-Governor 
Spotswood, then acting governor of the Colony. 

Without the help of boundaries subsequently estab- 
lished and maintained to this time, it would be difficult 
to define the lines laid down in the statute. Inter- 
preted by these it may be safely affirmed that on the 
east and south the County was bounded as now; "Snow 



20 History of Orange County 

Creek," the line with Caroline County, emptievS into 
the Rappahannock ten or fifteen miles below Freder- 
icksburg : the North Anna is the southern boundary up 
to the Orange Hne : " up the North Anna as far as con- 
venient" is obscure but unimportant, and may be 
interpreted as meaning all the way to its source. The 
ultimate source of this river is a spring on the Johnson 
place, near the top of the Southwest mountains, and 
but a few feet from the turnpike leading from Gordons- 
ville to Harrisonburg. Taking this spring, which is 
not far from the Albemarle line, as the starting point 
for the "line over the high mountains to the river on 
the northwest side thereof so as to include the northern 
passage through the said mountains, " we have approx- 
imately the present lines of Orange and Greene counties 
with Albemarle to the top of the Blue Ridge. This 
about forces the conclusion that the " northern passage " 
means Swift Run Gap, through which this same 'pike 
crosses the Blue Ridge. At the time the County was 
formed the only passage across the mountains had been 
made by Governor Spotswood in 1716, known as the 
"Expedition of the Knights of the Horseshoe." The 
"river on the northwest side" of the mountain is 
our Shenandoah, then called "Sherrando" and "Shen- 
ando", and by Spotswood "the Euphrates;" down this 
river until it comes "against the head of Rappahan- 
nock:" this would bring us about Front Royal, the 
county seat of Warren ; thence by a line to the head of 
Rappahannock River, say about the corner of Fau- 
quier, Warren, and Rappahannock, and then down to 
the beginning, following the line of the sources of the 



The Genesis of Orange 21 

Rappahannock, and the Rappahannock itself to Snow 
Creek. These boundaries can be easily traced on any- 
modern map of Virginia. 

By the same Act fifteen hundred pounds was appro- 
priated, to be paid to the Governor, of which five hun- 
dred for a church, courthouse, prison, pillory and 
stocks where the governor shall appoint them in Spot- 
sylvania, he to employ workmen, provide material, etc. : 
one thousand pounds, of which one-half to Spotsylvania, 
to be distributed in arms and ammunition among such 
persons as shall hereafter go to seat the said County ; 
that is, to each Christian titheable one fire lock musket, 
one socket, bayonet fitted thereto, one cartouch box, 
eight pounds bullet, two pounds powder, until the 
whole one thousand pounds be laid out, the account to 
be laid before the General Assembly. The arms appro- 
priated to the defence of the County, and both the real 
and personal estate of the persons taking them made 
liable to their forthcoming in good order; and to be 
stamped with the name of the County, and liable to 
seizure of any militia officer if found without the 
bounds. Inhabitants made free of public levies for 
ten years, and the whole County made one parish by 
the name of St. George. Because foreign Protestants 
may not understand English readily, they and their 
titheables made free for ten years if any such shall 
entertain a minister of their own. This last clause was 
for the benefit of the Germans settled at Germanna. 

While Orange was yet a part of Spotsylvania, and, 
indeed, before Spotsylvania itself was formed, thou- 
sands and thousands of acres of land to the westward, 



22 History of Orange County 

even as far as to the Mississippi, had been granted to 
individuals by the Crown, acting mainly through the 
Governors of the Colony ; and titles to much land in 
Orange of today are traced back to Spotsylvania, King 
and Queen, and the land office at Richmond. The 
"Madison Grant," for example, was made while the 
grantee was still a resident of King and Queen. 

Orange County was formed from Spotsylvania in 
1734, and was named not from the "color of its soil" 
as erroneously stated by Howe and others, for there is 
no soil of orange color in the County; but for William, 
Prince of Orange, one of England's most worthy kings. 
Next to "good Queen Anne" he appears to have been 
the best beloved by the colonists of all their kings; 
King William, King and Queen, Williamsburg, and 
William and Mary College were all named in his honor, 
two of them in honor of him and his Queen. 

In colonial times it was not imcommon for parishes 
to be formed before the counties which afterwards con- 
tained them were established. Such was the case with 
Orange, and the botmdaries of the Coimty can only be 
stated in connection with those of the parish of St. 
Mark. The Act defining St. Mark is as follows : 

Enacted, Whereas many inconveniences attend the parishioners 
of St. George parish, in the covinty of Spotsylvania, by reason of 
the great length thereof , that from January i, 1730, the said parish 
be divided into two distinct parishes : From the mouth of the 
Rapidan to the mouth of Wilderness Run; thence up the said 
Rvin to the bridge; and thence southwest to Pamtmkey River: 
the part below the said bounds to be known as St. George Parish, 
and all that other part which lies above the said bounds be known 
as St. Mark. 



The Genesis of Orange 23 

The freeholders were required to meet at Ger- 
manna on that day and there " elect and choose twelve 
of the most able and discreet persons of their parish to 
be vestrymen." When Orange was established, just 
four years later, the dividing line between these parishes 
was made the boimdary line between Orange and Spot- 
sylvania, so it becomes necessary to determine what 
that line was. It is manifest that Orange never 
touched the Pamimkey River as we now know that 
river, and the conclusion is tmavoidable that we must 
understand some point on the North Anna, which prob- 
ably, at that time, was called the Pamunkey, because it 
was the main branch of that stream ; which point is the 
present comer of Spotsylvania with Orange on the 
North Anna. 

The Act establishing the County was passed at the 
August session, 1734. (4 Hen., 450.) Leaving out 
unnecessary words it reads: 

An Act for dividing Spotsylvania County. 

Whereas divers inconveniences attend the upper inhabitants 
of Spotsylvania Cotinty, by reason of their great distance from, the 
Courthouse and other places usually appointed for public meetings : 
Be it therefore enacted, by the Lieutenant-governor, Cotmcil and 
Burgesses, of this present General Assembly, and it is hereby enacted 
by the authority of the same ; That from and immediately after the 
first day of January now next ensuing, the said County of Spotsyl- 
vania be divided by the dividing Une between the parish of St. 
George and the parish of St. Mark; and that that part of the said 
cotmty which is now the parish of St. George remain and be called 
and known by the name of Spotsylvania County; and all that 
territory of land adjoining to and above the said line, bovmded 
southerly by the line of Hanover County, northerly by the grant of 
the Lord Fairfax, and westerly by the utmost limits of Virginia, 
be thenceforth erected into one distinct coimty, to be called and 
known by the name of the county of Orange. 



24 History of Orange County 

A Court for the County was directed to be con- 
stantly held by the justices thereof on the third Tuesday 
in every month. 

For the encouragement of the inhabitants al- 
ready settled and which shall speedily settle on the 
westward of the Sherrendo River, it was further 
enacted that they should be free and exempt from the 
payment of public, county and parish levies for three 
years next following, and that all who might settle there 
in the next three years should be so exempt for the 
remainder of that time. 

The terms of the statute need explanation in this, 
"southerly by the line of Hanover. " Louisa was then 
part of Hanover. " The grant of the Lord Fairfax" on 
the north. As then understood. Lord Fairfax's southern 
limit was the Rappahannock River, as it is known 
to-day. There was much and long continued conten- 
tion and litigation about this line, however, between 
Fairfax and the colonial authorities, but it was finally 
settled that the Fairfax grant embraced all the land 
lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers 
up to the head springs of each river, and that the head 
spring of the Rappahannock was the source of what is 
now known as Conway or Middle River, which source is 
near the corner of Greene and Madison counties, near 
the crest of the Blue Ridge. As this contention was 
not settled till long afterwards, the northerly boundary 
of Orange continued to be the present Rappahannock 
River until Culpeper was cut off in 1748, and it remains 
the boundary of Culpeper to this day. 



The Genesis of Orange 25 

A map showing a " survey according to order in the 
years 1736 and 1737 of the Northern Neck of Virginia, 
being the lands belonging to Lord Fairfax," is pub- 
lished in the report of the commissioners appointed to 
settle the boundaries between Maryland and Virginia 
in 1873. On it South River is called "Thornton," the 
Rapidan above the mouth of South River, is called 
"Staunton's River," and below the mouth is put down 
as " Rappahannock River, South Branch, called Rapi- 
dan, " and the Rappahannock above the mouth of the 
Rapidan is called "Cannon", and, higher up, "Hedge- 
man's River." 



CHAPTER III. 



Organization of the County. 

It must be borne in mind that " Old Style " was yet in 
effect in the Mother Coimtry and her colonies when 
Orange was established : that is, that the New Year was 
reckoned from March 25, and not from January i; 
and that the New Style did not become effective imtil 
1752. Thus, though the first court was held in January 
1734, there were yet two months to elapse before the 
year 1735 began: that is, that January, February, and 
March came after December of the same year. This 
will make plain the otherwise apparently curious date 
of the appointment of Col. Henry Willis, the first 
cotinty clerk. 

The first minute on the records of the County is in 
these words : 

Orange County. — Be it remembered that on the twenty-first 
day of January, in the year ,1734, a Commission of the Peace 
directed to Augustine Smith, Goodrich Lightfoot, John Taliaferro, 
Thomas Chew, Robert Slaughter, Abraham Field, Robert Green, 
James Barber, John Finlason, Richard Mauldin, Samuel Ball, 
Francis Slaughter, Zachary Taylor, John Lightfoot, James Pollard, 
Robert Eastham, Benjamin Cave, Charles Curtis, Joist Hite, Morgan 
Morgan, Benjamin Borden, John Smith and George Hobson, and 
a dedimus for administering the oaths etc., to the said Justices 
being read, the said John Finlason and Samuel Ball pursuant to the 
said dedimus administered the oaths appointed by Act of Parlia- 
ment to be taken instead of the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy 
the oath appointed to be taken by an act of Parliament made in 

.6 , 



Organization of the County 27 

the first year of the Reign of his late Majesty King George the 
First, entituled an Act for the further Security of his Majesties 
Person and Government and the Sucession of the Crown in the 
heirs of the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants and for extin- 
guishing the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales and his open 
and secret Abettors, unto Augustine Smith and John Taliaferro who 
severally subscribed the Test and then the said John Finlason and 
Samuel Ball administered the oaths of a Justice of the Peace and of 
a Justice of the County Court in Chancery unto the said Augustine 
Smith and John Taliaferro. And afterwards the said Augustine 
Smith and John Taliaferro pursuant to the said dedimus adminis- 
tered all and every of the said oaths unto Thomas Chew, Robert 
Slaughter, Abraham Field, Robert Green, James Barber, John 
Finlason, Samuel Ball, Francis Slaughter, John Lightfoot, James 
Pollard and Benjamin Cave who severally subscribed the Test. 

At a Court held for the County of Orange on the twenty-first 
day of January, 1734, Present Augustine Smith, John Taliaferro, 
and the Justices to whom they had just administered the oaths: 

A Commission to Henry Willis, Gent., under the hand and Seal 
of office of the Honorable John Carter, Esq., Secretary of Virginia, 
bearing date the thirtieth day of October, 1734, to be clerk of the 
Court of this County being produced in Court and read, the said 
Willis having taken the oaths, etc., and subscribed the Test, was 
sworn Clerk of this County. 

This Henry Willis was the same gentleman men- 
tioned by Colonel Byrd as the " top man of Fredericks- 
burg. " Note the date of his commission. October 
was then really the eighth month and January was the 
eleventh month of the calendar year. He was the 
ancestor of Col. George Willis of Woodpark; of Mr. 
Henry Willis and of Mrs. Ambrose Madison, of Wood- 
bury Forest. Why a person not a citizen of the County 
should have been made clerk does not appear, but he 
continued to be such until his death, in the summer of 
1740. Jonathan Gibson, Gent., was appointed and 
qualified as clerk at the September term of that year. 



28 History of Orange County 

Mr. William Robertson's house, on Black Walnut 
Run, was designated as the place where court should be 
held, by the Governor's order, till the court could agree 
upon a place and have the Governor's approbation. 

Benjamin Cave qualified as sheriff, with Thomas 
Chew and James Barbour as his sureties, and William 
Henderson as under-sheriff. 

James Wood, Gent., produced a commission from the 
president and masters of William and Mary College, 
dated November, 1734, to be surveyor for the county. 
Zachary Lewis and Robert Turner were sworn as 
attorneys to practise in the County. The court unani- 
mously recommended John Mercer to the Governor for 
appointment to prosecute the King's causes in their 
court. James Coward and John Snow were named as 
overseers of the highway. 

A number of the justices were desired to view the 
Rapidan above and below Germanna for a convenient 
place to keep a ferry, and to wait on Colonel Spotswood 
to know on what terms he would let such a place. 
Later he agreed that he would let his land for a ferry 
there for 630 pounds of tobacco, with sufficient land 
for two hands to work, but debarred the keeping of 
tippling houses and hogs running at large, and public 
notice was ordered of the letting of the ferry and 
plantation at a subsequent term, and that advertise- 
ments be set up at the churches. 

The minutes were signed by Augustine Smith and 
attested by Henry Willis "CI. Cur., "a Latin abbrevia- 
tion for clericus curiae, clerk of the court, which attes- 
tation was continued throughout his and his successor's 



Organization of the County 29 

terms, and then abandoned. Similarly, they always 
endorsed indictments found, Vera Billa, a true bill. 

At the next term many constables and surveyors of 
the highway were appointed, among the latter Chris- 
topher Zimmerman, "from the German Road to 
Potatoe Run ;" John Howard, "from the Chappie Road 
to the Rapidan Cave's Ford;" John Garth, "from the 
fork of Elk Rim to Staunton's River," as the north 
branch of the Rapidan was then called; Alexander 
Waugh, "from Germanna Road to Pine Stake;" Benja- 
min Porter, "from Todd's Branch to mouth of Robin- 
son;" Edward Haley, "from Taliaferro Road to the 
Tombstone;" William Smith, "from the Tombstone to 
the Chappie;" and John Snow "from Todd's Path to 
Chew's Mill." It would be interesting to designate 
many of these locaHties to-day, especially the Tomb- 
stone, but the names have nearly all passed out of the 
public memory. 

Three justices, who afterwards became famous in 
Frederick and Augusta, qualified at this term: Joist 
Kite, Morgan Morgan, and Benjamin Borden ; and John 
Bamett, from whom no doubt comes our Barnett's 
Ford of to-day, was appointed surveyor of the high- 
way from the Mountain Road along Mr. James Taylor's 
"rowling" road and thence to the Rapidan. A rowling 
road was one over which tobacco hogsheads were 
rolled to market. 

At June term, John Mercer, Gent., produced in court 
a commission from Hon. William Gooch, his Majesty's 
lieutenant-governor, which was approved by the 
Court, and the said Mercer admitted accordingly. 



30 History of Orange County 

The first jury ever impanelled in the County was at 
the August term following, to try an action for assault 
and battery between James Porteus and Jonathan 
Fennell, alias Fenney, as follows: Benjamin Porter, 
foreman; Francis Browning, Francis Williams, James 
Stodgill, Leonard Phillips, William Richeson, George 
Head, John Conner, John Bomer, William Bohannon, 
William Crosthwait, Isaac Bletsoe. The verdict was 
for fifteen shillings damages. The first grand jury 
appeared in November, Robert Cave, foreman ; Abra- 
ham Bletsoe, Francis Browning, William Bryant, Wil- 
liam Pannill, Edward Franklin, Philip Bush, Anthony 
Head, William Kelly, Henry Downs, John Bransford, 
David Phillips, John Howard, George Anderson, Mark 
Finks, William Carpenter and George Woods. 

The following minutes seem worthy of notice : in 1738, 
a petition for division of the county by inhabitants of 
Sherrando. This was effective the same year, when 
Augusta and Frederick counties were formed, embracing 
all of Virginia lying beyond the Blue Ridge. But 
Augusta, though formed in 1738, did not really organize 
as a separate county until about 1745. 

Petition of John Lewis and others, of Beverley 
Manor, for a road to the top of the Blue Ridge, and of 
Joist Hite, who lived in Frederick County, for a road 
through Ashby's "bent" (gap). 

Ordered, that the County Standard be removed 
from the house of Colonel Lightfoot, deceased, to that 
of Major Robert Slaughter. 

In 1739 the road was laid off from Beverley Manor, 
beginning at the North mountains, in Augusta, and 



Organization of the County 31 

ending at the top of the Blue Ridge, " to the bounds of 
Goochland County," now Albemarle, probably Rock- 
fish Gap, where the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway now 
crosses. 

In 1 741 a road was ordered to be opened from Evan 
Watkins's ferry by a course of marked trees Jo the head 
of Falling Spring and over the Tuscarora branch, thence 
to Opequon Creek, thence to Spout Run, by the King's 
road leading by Joist Kite's to a fall in the same near 
the Sherrando ford, and that all tithables from the 
Potomac between Opequon and the mountain this side 
the little Cape Capon, and many others, proceed to 
work the same. 

Two more roads, to show the dimensions of the 
County : May, 1745, James Patton and John Buchanon, 
Gent., having viewed the way from Frederick 
Cotmty line through that part of this Coimty called 
Augusta, made their report: "Pursuant, etc., we have 
viewed, laid off and marked the said road as followeth : 
to begin at Thom's Brook at Frederick County line, 
thence to Benjamin Allen's ford and Robert Calwell's 
path, thence across Beard's ford on North River and 
Alexander Thompson's ford on Middle River, thence to 
the Tinkling Spring, to Beverley Manor line, to Gilbert 
Campbell's ford on north branch of James River, thence 
to Cherry Tree bottom on James River, thence to 
Adam Harmon's on the New or Wood's River. " 

In August of the same year: "Ordered, that George 
Robinson and Simon Akers view the way from the 
forks of Roan Oak (Roanoke) to the gapp over the 
mountains to meet the line of Brunswick Coimty, and 
from the Catawba Creek into the said way." 



32 History of Orange County 

In 1748 Culpeper, including all of Orange lying 
between the whole length of the Rapidan and the Rap- 
pahannock rivers, was cut off, and our former "princi- 
pality" is reduced to the dimensions of Orange and 
Greene of to-day. 

And to dispose of Greene once for all, it may be said 
here that there was angry contention about this dis- 
memberment, with numerous petitions and coiinter 
petitions and protestsj but the separatists finally pre- 
vailed in 1838. 

The old County, though shorn of her territory, has 
never been shorn of her good name ; and her illustrious 
offspring who have made her famous and historic, were 
bom and reared in the limits of the Orange of to-day ! 



CHAPTER IV. 



The Courthouses. 

Mr. William Robertson's house, on Black Walnut 
Run, was designated as the place where court should be 
held, by the Governor's order, till the Court could agree 
upon a place, and have the Governor's approbation, and 
there the first term was held on the 21st of January, 
1734, (Old Style.) 

At the same term the sheriff, Thomas Chew, was 
ordered to build a prison at his plantation, "a logg 
house, seven and a half feet pitch, sixteen long and ten 
wide, of loggs six by eight at least, close laid at top and 
bottom, with a sufficient plank door, strong hinges and 
a good lock, and that two hundred pounds of tobacco 
and cask be paid him for building the said house. " 

A debate was had as to the most convenient place to 
build a courthouse. The Court divided, one party for 
the centre of the County and the other for the Raccoon 
Ford, then some distance higher up the river than now, 
eight for the former and six for the latter. The ques- 
tion was whether the mouth of the Robertson or Rac- 
coon Ford was nearer the centre, Justices Smith, Talia- 
ferro, Chew, Barbour and Taylor favoring a point just 
below the mouth of the Robertson on the south side of 
the Rapidan. Mr. Lightfoot . agreed that this was 
nearest the centre, but insisted on the north side of the 

33 



34 History of Orange County 

Rapidan. Robert Slaughter was in favor of the centre, 
when the same should be ascertained. Messrs. Field, 
Green, Finlason, Ball, Pollard, and Francis Slaughter 
declined to answer the last question, as to the centre, 
but insisted on Raccoon Ford, or thereabouts, and the 
north side of the river. All which the Court ordered 
should be particularly represented to the Governor. 

At the March term ensuing there was an order from 
the Governor that some of the justices attend the 
general court and have a hearing about placing the 
courthouse, and they agree to go at their own charges. 

At this term also the following letter from Colonel 
Spotswood was ordered to be recorded: 

Whereas I have been desired to declare upon what terms I will 
admit the Courthouse of Orange Covmty to be built upon my land 
in case the Commissioners for placing the same should judge the 
most convenient situation thereof to be within the bounds of my 
Patent. And forasmuch as I am not only willing to satisfy such 
commissioners that no obstruction in that point will arise on my 
part, but am also disposed to make those terms as easie to the 
County, as can well be expected ; I do therefore hereby declare that 
I consent to the building of a courthouse, prison, pillory and stocks 
on any part of my lands not already leased or appropriated; and 
that I will convey in the form and manner which the Justices of the 
County can in reason require such a quantitj'^ of land as may be suffi- 
cient for setting the said buildings on, with a convenient courtyard 
thereto, for the yearly acknowledgment of one pound of tobacco. 
And moreover, that I will allow to be taken gratis off my land all 
the timber or stone which shall be wanted for erecting and repair- 
ing the said buildings. 

Given under my hand at Germanna the 6th day of January 1 734-5 

A. Spotswood. 

The date of this letter would indicate that negotia- 
tions had been begun with Colonel Spotswood before 



The Courthouses 35 

the formal organization of the County. The records 
disclose no appointment by the court of commissioners 
to confer with him. 

At the June term, 1735, Charles Carter and William 
Beverley reported as to the agreement they had been 
ordered to make with Colonel Spotswood for land to set 
the courthouse on, but nothing appears to have come of 
it, for in Ocober, 1736, a proposal being made where to 
build it, the Court, after debate, agreed that it be built 
at the place appointed by the commissioners " near the 
Governor's Ford on the south side of the Rapidan. " 
At the same term application was made to the Governor 
for orders to alter the place of holding court from 
Black Walnut to Mr. Bramham's house in December 
next, "it being near where the courthouse is, with all 
expedition, going to be built," and notice was given 
that workmen meet at the November term to imder- 
take the building. 

At November, after debate where to build, the Court 
agreed with John Bramham that he lease twenty acres 
of land to build it on for 120 poimds of tobacco per 
annum, and that the plot should" include the con- 
venientest spring to Cedar Island ford." 

Thomas Chew and William Russell were appointed 
to lay off the land and designate the location of the 
Courthouse. 

The next term was accordingly held at Bramham's 
house, and it was at this location of the courthouse 
that Peter was decapitated and his head stuck on a 
pole, and that Eve was burned at the stake, as appears 
from the orders published in the text. 



36 History of Orange County 

In July, 1738, notice was given that at the next term 
the Court would agree with workmen to finish the 
courthouse, and at the February term following Peter 
Russell was employed to keep the building clean, and 
"provide candles and small beer for the Justices;" 
so it appears that it had taken nearly two years to com- 
plete it after work was actually begun. And it seems 
certain that the first real courthouse owned by the 
County was located near the present Somerville's Ford, 
and on land now belonging to the Hume family. 
Henry Willis was paid 13,100 pounds of tobacco for 
building the prison, and 3,350 pounds for finishing the 
courthouse. He took out license to keep an ordinary 
there November, 1739. 

January, i'/42-j. Ordered, that the sheriflf cause the 
lock provided for the justices' room to be put to the 
door ; that he provide glass for the windows of the said 
room, and cause the windows to be glassed; and that 
he cause the tops of the chimneys to be pulled down 
and amended to prevent it from smoking. 

June 1749. " The Court judging the present situa- 
tion inconvenient to the inhabitants are of the opinion 
that the court ought to be held near the dividing line of 
the lands of Erasmus Taylor and Timothy Crosthwait, " 
appointed Benjamin Cave, Geo. Taylor, Tavemer 
Beale, Wm. Taliaferro, John Willis, Francis Moore and 
Henry Downs, or any five of them, to meet and agree 
on the most convenient place for a courthouse, with 
power to agree on the manner thereof, and with work- 
men to erect a prison, pillory, and stocks. 



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The Courthouses 37 

No doubt the occasion of this removal was the fact 
that Culpeper, then embracing Madison and Rappa- 
hannock, had been cut off from Orange the year before, 
leaving the courthouse absurdly near the very edge of 
the County. 

A proclamation under the hand of Hon. Thomas Lee, 
president of His Majesty's Council and Commander-in- 
Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, dated 
the 4th inst., adjourning the Court from the coLirthouse 
to the house of Timothy Crosthwait was read, and 
adjournment was immediately had to the said house 
"till to-morrow morning at 8 o'clock, " and on the 24th 
day of November, 1749, Court began its sessions at our 
present County seat. And it was ordered, that Thomas 
Chew, Geo. Taylor, and Joseph Thomas provide deeds 
for two acres of land from Timothy Crosthwait to 
build a courthouse on, and that they lay off the " prison 
bounds." 

1751, August. Ordered, that workmen be engaged 
to build an addition to the courthouse for the justices' 
room, sixteen feet by twelve. September: Crosthwait 
agreed to make a deed for the two acres whereon the 
courthouse and prison are now built, for five shillings. 

May JO, 1752. Note that now the year begins on 
January ist, and not March 25th as heretofore. Court 
agreed with Charles Curtis, builder of the courthouse, 
to receive the same and to allow him ;^72 as a full 
reward for the same, he having already received £32, 
equal in all to about $350. The first term of the court 
in this building was held July 6th, 1752, and this was 
the building next preceding the "old courthouse" 



38 History of Orange County 

standing to-day, and remodeled into the storerooms 
occupied as drug and hardware stores, facing the rail- 
road. 

1754. An addition ordered to the courthouse twenty 
feet long, same pitch and width as the building, "to 
have a brick chimney, " and be according to dimensions 
to be indicated by Thos. Chew, Wm. Taliaferro, and 
James Madison. 

I 'J 6 4. Prison repaired; iron grating, and iron spancel 
and chain ordered. 

1768. Pillory and stocks ordered, and extensive 
repairs to the courthouse. 

1787. Court received prison on the undertaker's 
double ceiling the walls with one and a half inch oak 
plank inside, to be nailed on with a proportion of 
20-penny nails. 

I7gg. Ordered that the sheriff make known by 
advertisement and proclamation that proposals will be 
received by the Court for building a new courthouse 
where the present one stands. ^ 

1801. Robt. Taylor, Francis Cowherd, Robt. T. 
Moore, and John Taylor appointed commissioners to let 
building of an office 16 wide, 20 long, and 10 pitch, of 
brick. 

1802. The three last named, with Dabney Minor and 
William Quarles, appointed commissioners to have laid 
off by Pierce Sandford two acres of groimd at this place 
on which to erect the public buildings, and that Robt. 
Taylor be appointed to let the building of the office 
formerly ordered, 24 feet long, 16 wide, and 10 feet 
pitch. This was probably the old clerk's office in rear 
of the Bank of Orange. 



The Courthouses 39 

1802, April. Ordered, that the building of the court- 
house and office be let at the same time, and either 
publicly or privately. 

1804, March. Commissioners appointed to view 
courthouse and office, and receive or condemn same, 
or make any compromise as to deductions which the 
undertakers may be wilHng to agree to. At the April 
term this item appears in the County levy : " To balance 
for building new courthouse and office, including addi- 
tional work and painting, $2,340.47." This is the 
building now standing and facing the railroad, as above 
referred to. 

July. Commissioners appointed to sell the old court- 
house and office and apply proceeds to enclosing the 
public lot with post and rail fence in a strong and 
neat manner, and to building pillory, stocks, and whip- 
ping post. 

i8;^6. Jail ordered built, and probably completed 
within the year. This jail stood nearly in front of the 
old courthouse as it now is, and just across the railroad 
from it. 

In 1852 the Legislature authorized the County 
Court to sell all or a part of the then public lot, and 
apply the proceeds of sale to the purchase of another 
lot, on which to erect a new courthouse and any build- 
ing proper to be attached thereto. 

The site on which the present courthouse stands, 
known as the "Old Tavern lot "was obtained by exchange, 
and the edifice constructed thereon after the plans of a 
paid architect, is not a very good one. The clerk's office 



40 History of Orange County 

remained for many years on the old lot, the Board of 
Supervisors neglecting all appeals for a fireproof 
building. 

Finally, on the motion of the writer, a rule was 
issued against them by the Court to shew cause for not 
complying with the statute requiring a fireproof build- 
ing for the public records, and they proceeded at once 
to build the little structure now known as the clerk's 
office, which if fireproof is also convenience proof, and 
a reproach to the County. It was completed in 1894. 
The present jail was built, nearly on the site of the first 
Baptist church in the town, in 1891. 

In January, 1832, a petition numerously signed was 
presented to the Legislature asking for authority to 
organize a lottery to raise $5,000, "to pave roads in 
Courthouse Village." Among the signers were Rey- 
nolds Chapman, James B. Moore, Joseph Hiden, Lewis 
B. Williams, Thos. A. Robinson, Mann A. Page, John 
Woolfolk, Philip S. Fry, Wm. B. Taylor, Geo. P. Brent, 
Richard M. Chapman, Peyton Grymes, John H. Lee, 
and many others. The Act authorizing the lottery 
was duly passed, and Messrs. Woolfolk, Williams, 
Richard Chapman, Hiden, and James G. Blakey named 
therein as commissioners to conduct the same. Nothing 
appears to have come of it, and the streets were 
first paved, or macadamized, by the Army of Northern 
Virginia in the winter of 1863-64, as a military necessity. 

The village was first incorporated in 1834, as the 
Town of Orange, with James Shepherd, Richard Raw- 
lings, Richard M. Chapman, Garland Ballard, Albert 
Nichols, Samuel Dinkle and Mann A. Page as trustees. 



The Courthouses 41 

The charter was repealed some years later, the peti- 
tioners for the repeal asserting that it had remained a 
dead letter. It was again incorporated in 1855, but 
seems not to have assumed any special municipal 
functions imtil the present charter of 1896 was passed 
by the Legislature. 



CHAPTER V. 



The Colonial Churches. 

There appear to have been four State Churches in 
Orange in colonial times, the first at Germanna, built 
under the direction of Governor Spotswood about 1724 
with the fund of five hundred pounds appropriated for 
that and other purposes when Spotsylvania was formed. 

The next oldest was in the Brooking neighborhood 
near (old) Cave's ford, about three miles northwest of 
Somerset, and was later removed to the vicinity of 
Ruckersville. Capt. May Burton, a Revolutionary 
officer, was long a lay reader there. 

In Bishop Meade's "Old Churches and Families of 
Virginia" is a chapter by Rev. Joseph Earnest, who 
was for some years rector of the church at Orange, 
about the early churches in the County. While his 
information was not exact, this chapter is the most 
valuable account of them now obtainable. He nar- 
rates that he had been told that the second oldest 
church was frequented as a place of worship as early as 
1723, which is manifestly an error. Most probably 
it was built about 1740 when St. Thomas Parish was 
cut off from St. Mark. 

The " Middle, " or " Brick, " church, stood on the hill 
near where the Pamunkey road crosses Church Run. 

42 



The Colonial Churches 43 

It was built between 1750 and 1758 of durable materials, 
and as late as 1806 time had made little impression on 
it. One of the first effects of the " freedom of worship " 
and the practical confiscation of the glebes and church 
properties was, that the people's consciences became 
very "free" also to do as they pleased with the church 
belongings. 

This church was actually and literally destroyed, the 
very bricks carried off and the altar pieces torn from 
the altar and attached to pieces of household furniture. 
The ancient commimion plate, a massive silver cup and 
paten, with the name of the parish engraved on it, 
came to be regarded as common property. Fortu- 
nately by the exercise of vigilance the plate was rescued, 
and is now in possession of St, Thomas Church at 
Orange. 

Nor did the despoilers overlook the churchyard 
when the work of destruction began. Tombstones 
were broken down and carried off to be appropriated to 
unhallowed uses. The Rev. Mungo Marshall, of hal- 
lowed memory, rector from 1753 to 1758, was buried 
there , but his grave was left unmarked . Years afterward 
a connection of his bequeathed a simi of money upon 
condition that the legatee should not receive it until he 
had placed a tombstone over Mr. Marshall's grave, 
which condition was soon fulfilled. That slab was 
taken away and used first to grind paints upon, and 
afterwards in a tannery on which to dress hides! 
What an injury was done to the history of the County 
in the destruction of the many tombstones there ! for 
not a vestige remains of church or churchyard. 



44 History of Orange County 

At a meeting of the vestry of the parish Sept. i, 1769, 
there were present; Rev. Thomas Martin, Erasmus 
Taylor, James Madison, Alexander Waugh, Francis 
Moore, William Bell, Rowland Thomas, Thomas Bell, 
Richard Barbour, and William Moore. 

In 1786 the congregation in Orange, there being no 
Episcopal clergyman in the County, engaged the serv- 
ices of James Waddel, the blind Presbyterian minister, 
to preach for them two years. Forty pounds were 
subscribed, and the subscription was expected to reach 
sixty pounds. He not only preached for them but also 
administered the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 

The Pine Stake Church, supposed to have been built 
about the same time as the last, was several miles below 
" Hawfield, " and about a mile and a half east of Ever- 
ona, near the road to old Verdiersville. It was stand- 
ing in 1813. During the Revolution " Parson " Leland, 
as he was called, a Baptist preacher who is referred to 
at length elsewhere, asked to preach there, which the 
vestry declined to permit, James Madison, the elder, 
writing the letter for them. 

The principal families connected with the Church in 
colonial times were the Barbours, Bells, Burtons, 
Campbells, Caves, Chews, Conways, Daniels, Madisons, 
Moores, Ruckers, Shepherds, Scotts, Taylors, Talia- 
ferros, Thomases, Waughs, Whites, and Willises. 

The glebe farm was near the courthouse, and is now 
owned by Mr. Wambersie. 

In 1739 John Becket, clerk, a synonym for clergy- 
man, was presented for not giving his attendance 



The Colonial Churches 45 

according to law, and for not administering the Sacra- 
ment of the Lord's Supper at his chapel in St. Mark 
Parish. The presentment was dismissed. 

In 1 741 Rev. Richard Hartswell of the Parish pf St. 
Thomas, lately cut off from St. Mark, was presented for 
being drunk on the information of one Tully Joice who 
had been presented the same day for swearing an oath, 
thus indicating spite work, as the presentment was 
promptly dismissed. 

As early as 1763, on motion of James Madison, the 
loss of two duplicate bills of exchange was ordered 
recorded. These bills represented a subscription of 
twenty-five pounds sterling to the "Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," and 
show how soon missionary work was begun in Orange. 



CHAPTER VL 



Other Old Churches — The Dissenters. 

In a County where so many denominations exist, 
prudence impels strict adherence to the records in 
narrating their histoiy. 

When the Coimty was formed and imtil the end of 
the Revolution, the Church of England was the Estab- 
lished or State Church, and church matters were regu- 
lated by laws passed by the "General Assembly" or 
law-making power. Thus it was the civil authorities, 
mostly composed of State Churchmen, however, 
not the church authorities, which enforced the law; 
and if this fact had always been borne in mind it is 
likely that much polemical asperity and recrimination 
might have been avoided. 

The ecclesiastical regulations of those days M^ould be 
deemed tyrannical and oppressive in these, but they 
applied alike to all citizens. The laws compelled 
everybody to attend religious worship, and numerous 
were the fines imposed with great impartiality on per- 
sons for absenting themselves from the parish church; 
Churchmen as well as dissenters. At one period, 1690 
to 1720, the law was that if the fine was not paid, the 
offender should be imprisoned and even receive coi-poral 
punishment; so it seems that it was not dissenters 

46 



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Other Old Churches — The Dissenters 47 

only who were ' 'persecuted. ' ' And, as early as 1 7 1 4, the 
German Protestants at Germanna were exempted by 
statute from paying parish levies, and authorized to 
employ a minister of their own faith. 

A special chapter has been devoted to the colonial 
churches of the establishment : only four others appear 
to have existed in colonial times; "Hebron," the 
Lutheran Church in Madison, built in 1740 ; "the church 
of the blind preacher," James Waddel (for so he spelled 
his own name) ; old "Blue Rim"and"Pamunkey." In 
those days these were always spoken of as "Meeting 
Houses," even in the records. 

Of these in Orange County, old "Blue Run," situated 
about midway between Liberty Mills and Barbours- 
ville, is probably the oldest. It was constituted in 
1769, by the "Separate Baptists," Elijah Craig being the 
first pastor. As early as 1774 there is record of a 
motion by Zachary Burnley "to turn the road that leads 
from the 'Meeting House' down to Blue Run bridge;" 
and there is still standing near the church what appears 
to be an indestructible stone vault of the Webb family, 
erected in 1783. Since the war, the old wooden edifice, 
still in excellent preservation, has been turned over to 
the negroes, the Baptist congregation having erected 
a new building near Somerset. 

It is not known when the Presbyterian Church of 
the blind preacher, rendered memorable by William 
Wirt, in the "British Spy," was built, but it was cer- 
tainly one of the earlier churches of the county. It 
stood on the north side of the Orange highway, 
about a half mile northeast of Gordonsville : proper 



48 History of Orange County 

appreciation of its historical associations would insure 
a permanant marking of the site while it is yet remem- 
bered. 

In the heyday of the "Sons of Temperance," 1850- 
56, the historic old building was taken down and the 
lumber used to build a temperance hall at Gordons- 
ville, which after the war was used for some years as 
a schoolhouse. Finally it was condemned that a 
street might be opened, and the material was bought 
by a negro preacher, who reconverted in into another 
structure, a fate as pathetic as that of old Blue Run; 
for so we treat our historic treasures, having so many! 

And it may as well be recorded here that an old 
Baptist church known as "Zion Meeting House," which 
stood about two miles south of Orange courthouse, on 
the Gordonsville road, was abandoned for a new 
church at Toddsberth shortly before the war, the 
lumber of which was sold and put into new buildings 
at the courthouse, one of which was for years used 
as a barroom! 

North Pamunkey is another Baptist church edifice 
of historic association. It was organized in 1774 by 
Aaron Bledsoe and E. Craig with twenty members. 
Aaron Bledsoe was its first pastor and its original name 
was North Fork of Pamunkey, from the stream nearby. 
In 1792 the membership was about three hundred and 
fifty, and it was used as a place of worship for thirty- 
seven years before being heated in any way. 

The present edifice, practically on the site of the 
old log structure, the fourth on the same site, was com- 
pleted in 1849. 



Other Old Churches — Dissenters 49 

Modern churches abound, aknost to the impoverish- 
ment of preachers. At Gordonsville the whites have 
six churches and a chapel, the negroes several; the 
whites have four at Orange; at and near Somerset 
there are three, at Barboursville three; at and near 
Unionville several; and the county is dotted with 
them from end to end, the whites having thirty-two 
in all, the negroes seventeen. 

Saint Thomas, at the Courthouse, was frequently 
attended during the war by Generals Lee, Stuart, and 
other Confederate officers of distinction ; and New Zion, 
at Toddsberth, was occupied as a shoe shop in the 
winter of 1863-4. General Mahone bought up all the 
leather that he could, detailed all the shoemakers of his 
division, and took possession of the church. To his 
and their credit, no injury was done to the church, and 
when the campaign opened in the spring, his command 
was well shod. 

The following items are condensed from the order 
books. In 1737 William Williams, Gent., a Presby- 
terian minister, took the oaths, subscribed the test, 
and likewise a declaration of his approval of such of 
the thirty-nine articles of religion as is required, and 
certified his intention of holding his meetings at his 
own plantation and that of Morgan Bryan. 

Subsequent records show him to have been very 
litigious and at odds with very many people for sundry 
years. He brought suit at one time against nearly 
one hundred persons, for damages for a certain scandal- 
ous paper reflecting on him, but recovered nothing, 
though some of the signers did retract. 



5© History of Orange County 

Here is a very curious order of 1768 : 

"Elijah Morton is discontinued, the Court conceiving 
him to be an unfit person to act as Justice of the Peace, 
for that in a plea of debt" he declined, when requested 
by James Madison to make a quorum to try the cause, 
because one of the parties told him he did not wish it to 
be tried at that term ; and yet when said Madison and 
Zachariah Burnley went into court and made a quorum 
the said Morton ascended the bench and sat in the 
cause; "and for that," the order concludes, "the said 
Morton is a promoter of schisms and particularly of 
the sect called Anabaptists!" 

In 1773 Joseph Spencer, being brought before the 
court by a warrant under the hand of Rowland 
Thomas, Gent., for a breach of his good behavior in 
teaching and preaching the gospel as a Baptist not 
having a license; and it appearing that he did teach 
and preach as aforesaid, he at the same time insisting 
that he decented [dissented] from the principles of an 
Anabaptist; ordered, that he be committed to the 
custody of the sheriff until he give bond conditioned 
not to teach or preach without first obtaining a license 
as the law directs. Bond was required in a penalty 
of one hundred pounds, and he was allowed the liberty 
of the prison bounds on giving security. 

At the next term leave was given him to live in the 
courthouse, he indemnifying the County against loss, 
and on his petition, his bond was reduced to twenty 
pounds, and William Morton and Jonathan Davis 
became his sureties for his good behavior. 



Other Old Churches — The Dissenters 51 

In 1 781 Elijah Craig and Nathaniel Sanders, dissent- 
ing Baptist ministers recommended by the elders of 
their society, were licensed to perform the marriage 
ceremony. 

These are the only items of note in the records as 
to the treatment of dissenters by the Court. 



CHAPTER VIL 



Indian Antiquities. 



There is a notable Indian Mound near the Greene 
line. The following description of it is condensed 
from a special report of the United States Bureau of 
Ethnology in 1894: 

"The country along the upper portion of the Rappa- 
hannock and its tributaries was inhabited by tribes 
known collectively as the Manahoac. They probably 
migrated westward and united with tribes beyond the 
Ohio whose names they took. They and the Monacan 
were allied against the Powhatan. 

"It will be proper to describe here a mound, evidently 
a tribal burial place, situated in the former territory of 
the Manahoac, and due probably to their labor. 

"The mound stands on the right bank of Rapidan 
river, a mile east of the boundary between Orange and 
Greene. Originally it was elliptical in form, with the 
longer axis nearly east and west ; but the river in shift- 
ing its channel some years ago, undermined and car- 
ried away the eastern portion, probably from one-half 
to two-thirds of the entire structure. For several 
years, some of the earth fell in at every freshet, thus 
keeping a vertical section exposed to view. The differ- 
ent strata of bone were plainly visible, and when the 

52 



Indian Antiquities. 53 

water was low fragments of human bones were strewn 
along the shore beneath. The river shifted again, and 
the mound soon assumed its natural shape. At present 
the base measures 42 by 48 feet, with the longer axis 
nearly north and south. A considerable part of it has 
been hauled away, leaving a depression at the middle 
fully 20 feet across and extending almost to the bottom 
of the mound. As a result, the interior was very 
muddy, the bones extremely soft and fragmentary, 
and excavation difficult. 

" The highest point left by these destructive agencies 
was six feet; the river had probably left it fully ten 
feet high. If the statements concerning its original 
form and extent be correct, the apex was at least twelve 
feet above the base, the latter being not less than 50 by 
75 feet. 

" The earth was removed from an area 28 by 40 feet. 
At seven feet was found the outer edge of a bone deposit 
measuring 6 by 15 feet. There were indications in 
several places that skeletons had been compactly 
btindled, but most of the bones were scattered promis- 
cuously, as if they had been collected from some place 
of previous interment and carelessly thrown in, there 
being no evidence of an attempt to place them in 
proper order. In the mass were two small deposits of 
calcined human bones, and beneath it were graves or 
burial pits. 

" This bone bed, which was at the level of the natural 
surface, was the largest fotmd. Two feet above it, and 
fotu- feet within its outer margin, was another, much 
smaller; and numerous others were found in all the 



54 History of Orange County 

portion removed. There was no attempt at regularity in 
position or extent ; in some places only such a trace as 
may have resulted from the decomposition of a few 
bones ; in others, as many as fifteen or twenty skeletons 
may have been deposited. They occurred at all levels 
below a foot from the upper surface of the mound, but 
no section showed more than four layers above the 
original surface of the ground, though it was reported 
that six strata had been found near the central portion, 
which would indicate that the burials were carried 
nearly to the top of the motmd. 

" In the skeletons all ages were represented, for 
among the bones were those of very young children, 
while of others many of the teeth were worn to the 
neck. 

" Numerous small deposits of human bones, almost 
destroyed by fire, were scattered through the mound. 
The bones in some of the graves appeared to have been 
placed in their proper position, but it was impossible 
to ascertain this with certainty. One of the deeper 
pits had its bottom lined with charcoal; none of the 
others had even this slight evidence of care or respect. 

" No relics of any kind were deposited with the bones ; 
a rough mortar, two arrowheads, and some fragments 
of pottery were found loose in the debris. 

"It is plain that this spot was for a long period the 
burial place of a small tribe or clan, among whom pre- 
vailed the habit of stripping the flesh from the corpse 
before interment, or of depositing the body elsewhere 
for a time and afterwards removing the bones to this 
ossuary. That no stated intervals elapsed between 



Indian Antiquities 55 

consecutive deposits is shown by the varying position 
and size among the different bone beds, and by the 
overlapping of many of the graves beneath. 

"It is impossible accurately to estimate the number 
of skeletons found; certainly not fewer than 200, 
possibly 250, which figures represent approximately 
one-fourth of the number deposited, if the statements 
as to the original size of the mound be correct. 

" In its construction this mound corresponds closely 
with one opened by Jefferson on the Rivanna, a few 
miles above Charlottesville. * The contents were such 
as on the whole to give the idea of bones emptied 
promiscuously from a bag or basket and covered with 
earth, without any attention to their order.' That the 
bones near the top were in a better state of preservation 
than those towards the bottom is due probably less to 
their being of much later deposit than to the dryness 
of the earth near the top. A party of Indians passing 
about 1 75 1 where this barrow is, near Charlottesville, 
went through the woods directly to it, without any 
instructions or inquiry, and having staid about it some 
time, with expressions construed to be those of sorrow, 
returned to the high road, which they had left about six 
miles to pay this visit, and pursued their journey. " 

For a fuller account the reader is referred to a 
pamphlet of the Smithsonian Institution, entitled, 
" Archaeologic Investigations in the James and Poto- 
mac Valleys." 

As so little is known about the Indians who once 
inhabitated this section, it has been thought worth 



56 History of Orange County 

while to transcribe the few orders relating to them 
made by the coimty court. 

In 1730, "William Bohannon came into court and 
made oath that about twenty-six of the Sapony Indians 
that inhabit Colonel Spotswood's land in Fox's neck 
go about and do a great deal of mischief by firing the 
woods; more especially on the 17th day of April last 
whereby several farrows of pigs were burnt in their 
beds, and that he verily believes that one of the Indians 
shot at him the same day, the bullet entering a tree 
within four feet of him ; that he saw the Indian about 
one himdred yards from him, and no game of any sort 
between them; that the Indian after firing his gun 
stood in a stooping manner very studdy [steady] so 
that he could hardly discern him from a stump, that he 
has lost more of his pigs than usual since the coming of 
the said Indians ; which is ordered to be certified to the 
General Assembly." 

1742. Sundry Indians, among them Manincassa, 
Captain Tom, Blind Tom, Foolish Zack, and Little 
Zack, were before Court for "terrifying" one Lawrence 
Strother, who testified that one of them shot at him, that 
they tried to surround him, that he turned his horse 
and rid off, but they gained on him till he crossed the 
run. Ordered, that the Indians be taken into custody 
by the sheriff until they give peace bonds with security, 
and that their guns be taken from them until they are 
ready to depart out of this Colony, they having declared 
their intention to depart within a week. They gave 
bond. 

There is no record extant of any Indian massacre, 
large or small, in the original limits of the Coimty east 
of the Blue Ridge. 



o 
c 

CO 

to 
o 
5; 



p 




Indian Antiquities. 57 

The Tomahawk branch, which crosses the Gordons- 
ville road about a mile and a half south of the court- 
house, is a preserved Indian name, one of the very few 
in the County. It was here that the organization 
known as the "Culpeper Minute Men" camped when 
first on their way to join the army of the Revolution. 
(Slaughter's "St. Mark's.") 



CHAPTER VIIL 



French and Indian Wars. 

If Orange as a County ever sent an organized com- 
mand to any of the French and Indian Wars no record 
of it has been found. The records do disclose that 
sundry of her citizens participated in these wars, but in 
every instance in a company or regiment from some 
other county; the names of but few appear in the 
record — among them that of Ambrose Powell, ances- 
tor of Gen. A. P. Hill — who rose to the dignity of a 
commission during all the years that these wars were 
waged. 

Therefore, any detailed account of these wars would 
be out of place here, and only such facts will be narrated 
as may throw some light on the services of citizens who 
did participate in them. 

In 1758 an expedition, the second one, was set on 
foot for the capture of Fort Duquesne, (the modem 
Pittsburg, then believed to be in the limits of Augusta 
County), under General Forbes, a British officer. 
Washington was commander of the Virginia troops 
which consisted of two regiments, his own and Col. 
William Byrd's, about two thousand men in all. A 
Colonel Bouquet, of Pennsylvania, commanded the 
advanced division of the army, and Captain Hogg, of 
Augusta, had a company in Washington's regiment. 

58 



French and Indian Wars. . 59 

The fort was finally captured, but the loss in Washing- 
ton's regiment alone was 6 officers and 62 privates. 
Colonel Byrd was of the " Westover" family, an ances- 
tor of the Willises of Orange. The Captain Overton 
referred to in the extracts following, was from Hanover, 
but he was in an earlier expedition in 1755. His com- 
pany was the first organized in Virginia after Braddock's 
defeat, and the great Presbyterian preacher, Rev. 
Samuel Davies, addressed it by request on the eve of 
its departure for the frontiers. The history of these 
wars is narrated at large in Waddell's "Annals of 
Augusta Coimty, " second edition, and in Withers 's 
"Chronicles of Border Warfare." The order books 
show as follows: 

August, lyyg. David Thompson, soldier in Captain 
Hogg's Rangers, 1758; sergeant in Colonel Bouquet's 
regiment in 1764. 

Jacob Williams and Jacob Crosthwait, in Colonel 
Byrd's regiment, 1758. 

September Term. Benjamin Powell, sergeant, Thomas 
Fitzgerald and John Williams, soldiers, in Colonel 
Byrd's regiment, 1758, 
.Isaac Crosthwait, Thomas Walker, Charles Walker, 
in Hogg's rangers. 

October. Daniel McClayland, Colonel Byrd's regi- 
ment, 1759. William Vawter, sergeant, John Furnes, 
(Furnace), Hogg's rangers. 

James Cowherd, ensign. Colonel Bouquet's regiment; 
William Bullock and William Rogers, in Colonel Wash- 
ington's regiment, 1758; Francis Hackley, John Lucas, • 
Thomas Powell, Richard Lamb, John Lamb, James 



6o History of Orange County 

Gaines, Thomas Morris, Charles Pearcey, William 
Cave, soldiers, and Michael Rice, sergeant, in Colonel 
Byrd's regiment, 

Henry Shackleford, Henry Hervey, John Warner, 
Simon Powell, soldiers, and James Riddle, non-com- 
missioned, Hogg's rangers. 

lySo. William Brock, in Colonel Stephen's regiment, 
1762. Colonel Adam Stephen was probably from 
Frederick County, where Stephensburg is named for 
him. 

Patrick Fisher, Littleberry Low, William Lamb, 
David Watts, Charles Watts, James Lamb, soldiers, 
William Cave, non-commissioned, in Colonel Byrd's 
regiment; William Watson, in "Captain Overton's 
company of regulars for defence of this State, "in 1755. 

William Sims and Francis Gibbs, in Hogg's rangers ; 
James Roberts, in "Captain Wagoner's company of 
regulars for defense of this State," 1757; Ambrose 
Powell, Gent., staff officer in Virginia forces, 1755. 

William Smith, Captain Hogg's rangers. 

In Thwaites's edition of Withers it is said that Col. 
William Russell, at one time high sheriff of Orange, did 
some frontier service in the early part of these wars, and 
in 1753 was sent as a commissioner to the Indians in the 
region where Pittsburg now stands. His son, of the 
same name, was at the battle of Point Pleasant ; was 
second in command at King's Mountain, and retired at 
the end of the Revolution as brevet brigadier-general. 
• The records in the Land Office at Richmond show 
that the following Orange people received bounty land 
for service in these wars. Their names are also listed 



French and Indian Wars. 6i 

in Crozier's "Virginia Colonial Militia:" Jacob Cros- 
thwait, Francis Gibbs, William Smith, William Brock, 
William Rogers, Richard Bullard, James Gaines,/^ 
Michael Rice, John Lamb, Richard Lamb, William Cave, 
James Riddle, Thomas Morris, John Furnace, David 
Thompson, Isaac Crosthwait, William Vaughan, Am- 
brose Powell, Littleberry Lane, Henry Shackleford, 
Patrick Fisher, Charles Watts, Simon Powell, David 
Watts. y 

Francis Cowherd, long known as Major Cowherd, 
who was a justice of the peace and high sheriff of 
Orange after the Revolution and who attained the 
rank of captain in the Revolutionary army, was a sol- 
dier in Colonel Field's regiment at the battle of Point 
Pleasant. His home, "Oak Hill," is about two miles 
northeast of Gordonsville, and is still owned by his 
descendants. Just before the battle he and a comrade 
named Clay were out hunting, a little distance apart, 
and came near to where two Indians were concealed. 
Seeing Clay only, and supposing him to be alone, one of 
them fired at him ; and running up to scalp him as he 
fell, was himself shot by Cowherd, who was about a hun- 
dred yards off. The other Indian ran off. (Withers's 
Chronicles.) 

Another anecdote related by his cotemporaries is, 
that in the battle of Point Pleasant Cowherd was 
behind a tree, fighting in Indian warfare fashion, when 
Colonel Field ran up to the same tree. He offered to 
seek another, but the Colonel commanded him to 
remain where he was, saying it was his tree, and that he 
would go to another. In making his way to it he was 



62 History of Orange County 

killed by the Indians, greatly lamented by the army. 
He was of the Culpeper family of Field, was a 
lieutenant of a company from that county at Brad- 
dock's defeat, and was greatly distinguished as an 
Indian fighter, (See again Withers 's Chronicles.) 

Mention is made of the Chew brothers, distinguished 
t in these wars, in the Biographical Sketches. 

Hancock Taylor, a brother of Colonel Richard, 
father of the President, was killed by the Indians in 
Kentucky in 1774. 

There is a so-called "patriotic" association, known 
as the " Society of Colonial Wars, " and descendants of 
those who participated in the French and Indian wars 
are eligible to membership therein. 



CHAPTER IX. 



Orange in the Revolution. 

The part the County took in the Revolution must be 
exhibited rather in details than by a connected narra- 
tive. 

The royalist Governor, Lord Dunmore, often pro- 
rogued — that is, dissolved — the Burgesses from 1773 to 
1776, for what he considered their contumacious atti- 
tude towards the Crown. The Burgesses, instead of 
going to their several homes, as he expected, began in 
1 7 7 4 to assemble at the Raleigh Tavern , at Williamsburg, 
then the capital, and form themselves into revolution- 
ary conventions — one or more in 1774, two in 1775, in 
all of which Orange was represented by Thomas Bar- 
bour and James Taylor ; and finally into the world- 
famous Convention of 1 7 7 6, in which James Madison, Jr. , 
and William Moore were the delegates from the County. 
So odious did the name of Dunmore become that a 
county named for him, once in the domain of Orange, 
lost its identity under that name, and was re-christened 
Shenandoah. 

While these conventions were being held the people 
at home became greatly aroused and began to organize 
for a conflict that seemed inevitable, by choosing 
committees of safety, putting the militia on a war 

63 



64 History of Orange County 

footing and selecting from them, for regular training 
and discipline, the more active and resolute, called 
"Minute Men." 

By an ordinance of the Convention of 1775, the colony- 
was divided into eighteen districts, one of which con- 
sisted of the counties of Orange, Culpeper, and Fau- 
quier ; each district was required to enlist a battalion of 
500 men in 10 companies of '50 each, with the requisite 
officers, a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major, 10 
captains and lieutenants, a chaplain, surgeon, etc. 

The first organization from this district appears to 
have been designated "The Culpeper Minute Men," 
supposedly because Culpeper was the middle county; 
for it is certain that Lawrence Taliaferro of Orange, was 
its first colonel. 

It participated in the battle of Great Bridge, the 
first battle of the Revolution fought on Virginia soil, in 
December, 1775, and was then commanded by Stevens, 
afterwards General Stevens, of Culpeper. 

The committees of safety were very great factors in 
the war, and really constituted a sort of military execu- 
tive in each county. 

It is not to be doubted that each committee kept a 
formal record of its proceedings, which would furnish 
invaluable historical data; but very few complete 
records have been found in any of the counties, and 
practically all that are preserved are in the fourth series 
of Peter Force's American Archives, published by order 
of Congress, and now become quite rare. 

The following extracts, copied from these Archives, 
are believed to be the whole record of the Orange com- 
mittee that has been preserved : 



Orange in the Revolution 65 

orange committee of safety. 

*At a meeting of the Freeholders of the County of 
Orange, Virginia, on Thursday the 22nd day of Decem- 
ber, 1774, the following gentlemen were elected a Com- 
mittee for the said County, viz : 

James Madison, James Taylor, William Bell, Thomas 
Barbour, Zachariah Burnley, Rowland Thomas, Wil- 
liam Moore, Johnny Scott, James Walker, William Pan- 
nill, Francis Moore, James Madison, Jun., Lawrence 
Taliaferro, Thomas Bell, and Vivian Daniel. 

And at a meeting of the said Committee at the 
Court House, on Monday, the 2nd day of January, 1775, 
James Madison, Esquire, was elected Chairman, and 
Francis Taylor, Clerk of said Committee. 

Published by order of the Committee. 

Francis Taylor, Clerk. 

March 11, lyyS- 
fAn accusation being lodged with the Committee 
of Orange County against Francis Moore, Jun., of his 
having violated the Eighth Article of the Continental 
Association by gaming : the said Moore was cited, and 
appeared before the Committee convened Feby. 23, 
1775. The testimony of a witness, as well as the con- 
fession of the accused, convinced the Committee that 
the charge was well founded; but Mr. Moore gave 
such evidence of his penitence, and intention to 
observe the Association strictly for the future, and 
alleging, moreover, that he was not thoroughly aware 
of the extent of the prohibition contained in that 
Article, that the Committee think it proper to readmit 
him into the number of friends to the public cause, till 
a second transgression. 

*Peter Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. I., p. 1056. 
tibid: Vol. II. p. 126. 



66 History of Orange County 

It need scarcely be added, that this mitigation of 
the punishment prescribed in the Eleventh Article, 
proceeds from a desire to distinguish penitent and 
submissive, from refractory and obstinate offenders. 

Francis Taylor, Clerk. 

March 27, ly^^. 

*The Committee of Orange County being informed 
that the Reverend Mr. John Wingate had in his posses- 
sion several pamphlets containing very obnoxious 
reflections on the Continental Congress and their pro- 
ceedings, and calculated to impose on the unwary; 
and being desirous to manifest their contempt and 
resentment of such writings and their authors, assem- 
bled on Saturday, the 25th of March, 1775, at the 
Court House of the said County. The Committee 
were the rather induced to meet for this purpose, as 
it had also been reported that there were a consider- 
able number of these performances in the Country, 
introduced amongst us in all probability to promote the 
infamous ends for which they were written ; that they 
were to be sold indiscriminately at Purdie's office in 
Williamsburgh, and that unfavorable impressions had 
been made on some people's minds by the confident 
assertions of falsehoods and insidious misrepresenta- 
tions of facts contained in them. The intentions of 
this Committee were made known to Mr. Wingate, and 
a delivery of the pamphlets requested in the most 
respectful manner, without the least suspicion that 
Mr. Wingate had procured them with a design to 
make an ill use of them, or that he would hesitate a 
moment as to a compliance ; but to their great surprise, 
he absolutely refused, urging that they belonged to 
Mr. Henry Mitchell of Fredericksburgh, and he could 
do nothing without his express permission. The Com- 



* Peter Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol I. p. 234-5. 



Orange in the Revolution 67 

mittee then proceeded to expostulate with him on the 
subject, and to insist upon him that as he regarded his 
association engagements, the favour of the Committee 
or the good of the pubHck, he would not deny so rea- 
sonable a request. They told him they would engage 
to make ample satisfaction to Mr. Mitchell for any 
damage he might sustain and that there would not 
be the least reason to fear that Mr. Mitchell would 
be displeased, who was well known to be an associator, 
and acknowledged by himself to be a hearty friend 
to the cause which these pamphlets were intended to 
disparage and counteract; and that if Mr. Mitchell 
was not this hearty friend we hoped him to be, it 
must be an additional argument for the Committee to 
press their request, and for him to comply with it. 
Mr. Wingate still persisted in his refusal to deliver 
them up, but added that he would let the Committee 
have a sight of them, if they would promise to return 
them unhurt. This could by no means be agreed to, 
as they were justly apprehensive that it would be 
their duty to dispose of the pamphlets in a manner 
inconsistent with such a promise. At length the 
Committee, finding there was no prospect of working 
on Mr. Wingate by arguments or entreaties, perempt- 
orily demanded the pamphlets, with a determination 
not to be defeated in their intentions. In consequence 
of which they were produced to the Committee who 
deferred the full examination and final disposal of 
them till the Monday following. 

On Monday, the 27th instant, they again met at the 
same place, according to adjournment, and after a 
sufficient inquiry into the contents of five pamphlets 
imder the following titles, viz: ist, "The Congress 
Canvassed, etc.," by A. W. Farmer; 2nd, "A View of 
the Controversey between Great Britain and her Col- 
onies," by the same; 3d, "Free Thoughts on the 
Proceedings of the Continental Congress, etc.," by 



68 History of Orange County 

A. Farmer; 4th, "Short Advice to the Counties of 
New York," by a Country Gentleman; 5th, "An Alarm 
to the Legislature of the Province of New York, etc. ;" 
most of them printed by Rivington of New York ; 

Resolved, That as a collection of the most audacious 
insults on that august body (the Grand Continental 
Congress) and their proceedings, and also on the sev- 
eral Colonies from which they were deputed, particu- 
larly New England and Virginia, of the most slavish 
doctrines of Provincial Government, the most impu- 
dent falsehoods and malicious artifices to excite divi- 
sions among the friends of America, they desen^ed to 
be publicly burnt, as a testimony of the Committee's 
detestation and abhorrence of the writers and their 
principles. 

Which sentence was speedily executed in the pres- 
ence of the Independent Company and other respectable 
inhabitants of the said County, all of whom joined in ex- 
pressing a noble indignation against such execrable 
publications, and their ardent wishes for an oppor- 
tunity of inflicting on the authors, publishers, and 
their abbettors, the punishment due to their insuffer- 
able arrogance and atrocious crimes. 

Published by order of the Committee, 

Francis Taylor, Clerk. 

May g, lyy^. 

*The Committee for Orange County met on Tuesday, 
the 9th of May. Taking into their consideration the 
removal of the powder from the public magazine, and 
the com.pensation obtained by the Independent Com- 
pany of Hanover; and observing also that the receipt 
given by Captain Patrick Henry to his Majesty's Re- 
ceiver General refers the final disposal of the money to 
the next Colony Convention, came to the following 
Resolutions : 

♦Peter Forco's American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. I, p. .339-40. 



Orangb in the Revolution 69 

1. That the Govemour's removal of the Powder 
lodged in the Magazine, and set apart for the defence 
of the Country, was fraudulent, unnecessary, and 
extremely provoking to the people of this Colony. 

2. That the resentment shown by the Hanover Vol- 
unteers, and the reprisal they have made on the King's 
property, highly merit the approbation of the publick, 
and the thanks of this Committee. 

3. That if any attempt should be made, at the ensu- 
ing Convention, to have the Money returned to His 
Majesty's Receiver General, our Delegates be, and 
they are hereby instructed, to exert all their influence 
in opposing such attempt, and in having the Money 
laid out in Gunpowder for the use of the Colony. 

4. That the following Address be presented to Cap- 
tain Patrick Henry, and the gentlemen Independents of 
Hanover : 

♦Gentlemen: We, the Committee for the Covmty of Orange, 
having been fully informed of your seasonable and spirited proceed- 
ings in procuring a compensation for the Powder fraudulently 
taken from the Cotinty Magazine by command of Lord Dimmore, 
and which it evidently appears his Lordship, notwithstanding his 
assurances had no intention to restore, entreat you to accept their 
cordial thanks for this testimony of your zeal for the honour and 
interest of your Coiintry. We take this occasion also to give it as 
our opinion, that the blow struck in the Massachusetts Government 
is a hostile attack on this and every other Colony, and a sufficient 
warrant to use violence and reprisal, in all cases where it may be 
expedient for our security and welfare. 

This address is signed by all the members of the 
committee except Messrs. Wm. Bell, Pannill, Francis 
Moore and V. Daniel, and was prepared by James 
Madison, Jr., according to Mr. Wm. C. Rives's "Life 
of Madison." As he was then only about twenty -three 
and at no time much of a warrior, the statement 
seems improbable; nor does his fame need bolstering 
by mere conjecture. 

*Peter Force's American Archives, Fourth Series. Vol. I, p. 339-40 . 



70 History of Orange County 

It will be observed that this record ends on May 9, 
only a few days after the "Embattled farmers" of 
Massachusetts had "fired the shot heard round the 
world, " the opening gun of the Revolution at Concord, 
April 19, 1775. 

Membership of the Committee was quite a badge of 
distinction, and descent from a Committeeman con- 
stitutes a clear title to membership in the societies 
known as "The Sons" and "The Daughters of the 
Revolution." 

Recurring to the order books, the first record of 
impending disorder is in 1775, when nine patrolmen are 
paid 1,679 pounds of tobacco for patrolling the county 
the preceding year. 

In March, 1776, Thomas Barbour is appointed sheriff 
"agreeable to an order of the Convention," the first 
official recognition by the Court of existing Revolution. 
In July of that year the justices take the oath prescribed 
by the Convention, ''to be faithful and true to the Com- 
monwealth of Virginia, and to the utmost of their 
power support, maintain and defend the constitution 
thereof as settled by the General Convention, and do 
equal right and justice to all men." A noble oath! 
It was first administered to Francis Moore who then 
administered it to the other justices, to James Taylor, 
clerk, and to John Walker, "King's Attorney." 

Virginia had declared her independence of the Crown 
on the 29th of June, 1776, five days before the general 
Declaration in July. The public officers appear to 
have simply held over by taking the Convention oath. 
But in May, 1777, commissions from Patrick Henr>'-, the 



Orange in the Revolution 71 

first governor of the new "Commonwealth," directed 
to James Madison, Francis Moore, William Bell, Row- 
land Thomas, Reuben Daniel, Zachary Burnley, 
Thomas Bell, William Moore, Andrew Shepherd, 
Thomas Barbour, Johnny Scott, Benjamin Grymes, 
James Madison, Jr., Uriel Mallory, Catlett Conway, 
and Jeremiah White, were received : and they constituted 
the first bench of justices under the new regime. It 
does not appear that James Madison, Jr., ever qualified. 

Richard Adams was ordered to deliver to Johnny 
Scott 60 bushels of salt belonging to the County, agree- 
able to an order of his Excellency, the Governor. 

These companies are named in current orders: 
Johnny Scott's, Captain Bruce's, Captain Craig's, 
Captain Conway's, Francis Moore's, Captain Smith's, 
Captain Mills', and Captain Conney's. Captain seems 
to have distinguished sufficiently without the Christian 
name. 

William Bell was appointed to administer the pre- 
scribed oath, "to oblige all the inhabitants to give 
assurance of allegiance to the State," and certain dis- 
senting ministers, John Price, Elijah Craig, Nathaniel 
Sanders, Bartlett Bennett, and Richard Cave, took the 
oaths of allegiance and fidelity. 

In 1778 allowances of money were ordered to Peter 
Moimtague, Jere Chandler, and Joseph Edmondson, 
soldiers in service; to Sarah Staves, a poor woman 
having two sons in service ; to Usley McClamey, widow 
of Francis who had died in service ; to Margaret Douglas, 
a poor woman, son in Continental army; and to Solo- 
mon Garrett's family, he being in Continental service. 



72 History of Orange County 

Thirty-six pounds were allowed Mountague's family. 
Zachary Burnley becomes coimty lieutenant in place 
of James Madison, resigned. He resigns in 1781, and 
is succeeded by James Madison, Jr. Jane Hensley, 
having son in Continental Army, is allowed 25 pounds. 

In 1 78 1, Ordered, agreeably to Act of Assembly for 
supplying army with clothes, provisions, and wagons, 
that each tithable person pay the sheriff seven pounds, 
current money, to purchase a wagon and team and 
hire a driver. This tax realized about $50,000, and the 
purchase was made and the outfit delivered to Benja- 
min Winslow, deputy commissioner. 

The sheriff was ordered to pay James Madison 
$6,500 for repairing public wagons, Benjamin Head 
$36,000 to purchase a wagon and team for the public, 
and Edmund Singleton $800 for collars for the team. 
John Coleman is named as an ensign in Continental 
service. 

In 1782 the companies in the County were commanded 
by Captains Miller, Burton, Buckner, Hemdon, Haw- 
kins, Lindsay, Waugh, Graves, Stubblefield , and Webb. 

A special term of the court was held for several days 
in April, 1782, to adjust claims for property impressed 
or furnished for the public service. These claims cover 
nearly forty full pages of the order book, and only a 
few of the more notable ones can be inserted here. 
They were mostly for provisions, horses, brandy, guns, 
etc. ; a great many supplies having been furnished when 
the "Convention Troops," as the prisoners taken at 
Saratoga were called, subsequently confined in bar- 
racks near Charlottesville, were marched through the 
County. 




O 
b 

M 



CO 




hi 
so 
Ot) 
CO 



Orange in the Revolution 



73 



A guard was constantly kept at Brock's Bridge, 
quite a detachment to judge from the quantity of sup- 
plies furnished it. 

James Madison's name often appears. He owned 
quite a blacksmith's shop, and appears to have got 
good prices for all his supplies, which generally are 
rated as something extra. He furnished supplies to 
Halifax and Pittsylvania militia returning from Nol- 
and's Ferry where they had escorted prisoners taken at 
York; Indian meal to Convention troops marching 
from the barracks to Winchester in 1781 ; was paid $35 
"for a gun, one of the best, imported," impressed for 
the Orange militia, and for "a well fixed wagon, the 
naves (hubs) of the wheels boxed with iron, " impressed 
at Richmond by Stephen Southall, assistant quarter- |'s£t l. 
master general. 

Robert Thomas's gun was impressed for the Orange 
militia guarding the Convention prisoners in 1778. 
Moses Hase was paid for two bushels of " coimtry-made 
salt," impressed by George Morton, commissary. 
Orange militia. 

There is incontestible evidence that the Orange 
militia were several times in actual service in the field, 
a fact that no history of the Revolution discloses, cer- 
tainly not so as to identify them. How long and on 
what occasions they served can not now be ascertained, 
but these selected entries prove the fact : 

William Hawkins furnishes supplies to Prettyman 
Merry, lieutenant Orange militia for i8-months men 
marching from Orange to Fredericksburg ; allowances 
to William Webb, for beef for Orange militia on march 



COflflEC 



■!^^■^; 



74 History of Orange County 

to camp ; to James Coleman, for supplies impressed by 
William Thomas, commanding officer of guard at Brock's 
Bridge; to William Morton, for wagon impressed for 
Orange militia from August 17 to October 31, 1781, 
and for a wagon impressed at Guilford courthouse, North 
Carolina, October, 1 781, by order of General Stevens ; to 
Zachary Herndon, for wagon with Orange militia 
27 days, October and November, 1781, and to same in 
May, June, and July, 1781, 75 days; to George Morton, 
for wagons impressed for Orange militia 135 days, John 
Taylor, colonel commanding. 

In a cotemporaneous official manuscript volume 
labeled, "Virginia Militia" in the State library, pub- 
lished in full in the "Virginia Magazine of History and 
Biography," see volume 14, page 80, are to be found 
these entries: 

' '7777, Sept. 2g. Scott, Captain John, for pay of his 
company of Orange Militia to 28 inst, and 9 days to 
return, ;£2ii. 5s. 3d. 

September jo. Ditto for ditto. For one day detained, 
per account, £8. 7s. 5d. " 

These examples must suffice. They seem to indicate 
that certainly part of the service was at the seige of 
York, as Yorktown was then called. Other items of 
general interest are these: Benjamin Johnson, sup- 
plies for prisoners and militia marching from Freder- 
icksburg to Charlottesville or Staunton, and for oats 
for wagon horses with the "Flying Hospital." 

Charles Porter, for use of his house taken for quarters 
for Marquis de Lafayette by C. Jones, assistant quar- 
termaster general, June, 1 781, 3 days. Daniel Thornton, 
for guarding the Marquis on his march through Orange. 



Orange in the Revolution 75 

It has been impossible to locate with exactness 
Charles Porter's house, thus rendered historic, but it is 
believed to have been near the old Raccoon Ford, some 
distance above the present ford, it being known that the 
Marquis was delayed some days there awaiting reen- 
forcements. In an order of March, 1786, laying off the 
County into districts for overseers of the Poor, Middle 
District begins " at Charles Porter's and runs along the 
Marquis's road to Brockman's Bridge," which almost 
identifies the house as being on the river where this 
road crossed it. 

Mary Bell, for entertaining William Clark, express 
rider and his horse, stationed at her house by H. 
Yoimg, quartermaster general. State volunteers. 

This Mary Bell was afterwards County jailer for 
several years. 

Andrew Shepherd, for a mare rode express, by order 
of the County Lieutenant, to give notice to captains of 
militia to assemble their companies, May, 1 781, by order 
of the Executive. 

Other items pertaining to the Revolution, and giving 
names of Orange people who participated in it will be 
foimd in condensed form in an appendix. The curious 
reader is referred to the order book for 1782, April 
Special Terms, for further information. 

In order to verify the statement heretofore made as 
to the Orange soldiers being designated at first as 
"Culpeper Minute Men," the following petition, from 
the original, now on file in the State library, is pub- 
lished at length. It is endorsed, "The Petition of 



76 History of Orange County 

Philip Ballard praying for a pension, December 28th, 
1829, referred to Revolutionary claims, and is in the 
words following: 

THE PETITION OF PHILIP BALLARD, AN OLD SOLDIER: 

To ike Senate and House of Representatives of Virginia — 
Your pe'-itioner begs leave to represent that he enlisted in the serv- 
ice of the State of Virginia as early as 1775 in what was then called 
the Minute Service in Captain Joseph Spencer's Company from 
Orange Cotuity, Va., who was attached to Col. Tolerver's (Talia- 
ferro), of said Cormty, Regiment, and was from thence marched to 
Culpeper C. H. and thence to what was called the Great Bridge, at 
which place your petitoner was engaged in the Battle that took 
place between the British and General Wolford, after which your 
petitioner was discharged. Your petitioner then enlisted in the 
service for two years in Captain Burley's (Burnley) Company who 
was commanded by Major Robert and Col. Francis Taylor. After 
the expiration of that time your petitioner enlisted two years more 
and was attached to Captain Chapman's Company who was com- 
manded by Major Wails (?) and Colonel Crocket, etc. 

The affidavit of G. Stallings was filed in verification 
of this petition. 



CHAPTER X. 



Germanna and the First Settlers. 

Who were the first English settlers may be best 
ascertained from the family names mentioned in the 
earlier court proceedings as narrated in other chapters. 
In most instances these were the people who resided in 
the County before and at the time of its formation, 
though some that are oftenest named, and appear to 
have been of the most conspicuous of the landed gentry, 
never became actual residents. The great Baylor and 
Beverley grants, and other very large ones, appear to 
have been speculative only, for the grantees never 
lived in the County. Their lands were under the man- 
agement of bailiffs, as they were then called, who had 
large numbers of serv'ants under their control. Thus 
the census of 1782 (Appendix) shows that on the 
Baylor estate there were 84 blacks and not one white 
person. The real owners of the land attended court 
regularly, to acknowledge their many deeds of bargain 
and sale, and then returned to their homes in Tidewater. 

Yet a good many people did actually take up their 
abode in this frontier county while it was still a part of 
Spotsylvania, and some of their names are household 
words to-day; Spotswood, Chew, Cave, Madison, Moore,- 
Willis, Taliaferro,' Thomas, Barbour, Scott, Smith, 
Taylor, Waugh, Porter, Head, Fry, Lightfoot, and 

77 



78 History of Orange County 

many more; the general narrative must be looked to 
to learn who they were, and what they did. They all 
appear covetous of great landed possessions, but they 
appear also to have been resolute and public-spirited 
citizens, an ancestry of which their descendants may 
well be proud. 

Far and away the most ancient and most historic 
settlement was Germanna, "in the peninsula formed by 
the Rapidan." Indeed there are few places in all 
Virginia, which is to say in all America, that surpass 
Germanna in historic interest during the colonial 
period; Jamestown, Williamsburg, York, and a few 
more ; yet to-day Germanna constitutes not much more 
than a name and a memory, rich as are its associations 
with the past, with the beginnings that foreshadowed 
Orange at its zenith. 

It is first mentioned in a statute, that somehow 
escaped the vigilance of Hening when compiling that 
vast treasure house of Virginia history, the "Statutes 
at Large." In the State library is an old volume 
entitled "Acts of Assembly passed in the Colony of 
Virginia from 1 662 to 1 7 1 5 , " printed at London in 1727. 
About the last Act in it is one to exempt certain 
German Protestants from the payment of levies for 
seven years, and for erecting the parish of St. George, 
passed in 17 14: "Whereas certain German protestants, 
to the number of forty -two persons or thereabouts, 
have been settled above the falls of the River Rappa- 
hannock, on the southern branch of the said river, 
called Rapidan, at a place named Germanna, in the 
County of Essex, and have there begun to build and 



Germanna and the First Settlers 79 

make improvements for their cohabitation, to the 
great advantage of this colony and the security of the 
frontiers in those parts from the intrusions of the 
Indians, " it is enacted that they shall be free from the 
payment of all public and county levies for seven years, 
as should be any other German Protestants who might 
settle there, always providing, however, that they did 
not leave Germanna and settle elsewhere. 

The next section creates the parish of St. George, 
extending for five miles on each side of the town, 
exempts it from all parish levies from the Parish of St. 
Mary, in Essex, and from the cure of the minister 
thereof, and "from all dependencies, offices, charges 
and contributions" of the same, and of "all levies, 
oblations, obventions and all other parochial duties 
whatsoever" relating to the same. 

Here are disclosed some interesting historical facts: 
that Germanna was in Essex County at that time; 
that a special parish was established of which the eccle- 
siastical historians have taken no note whatever, the 
St. George parish of subsequent years being a wholly 
distinct one, though embracing the original parish of 
that name ; and, most of all, that these " Strangers in a 
strange land" were placed there as a sort of buffer 
against the Indians, a rather cool and somewhat cruel 
thing to have done. 

These German Protestants who came in 17 14 were in 
fact the "First Settlers" of Orange, then a part of 
Essex, afterwards of Spotsylvania, and not called 
Orange until 20 years later; and as such their names 
ought to be chronicled, and something of their history 
narrated. In brief it is as follows: 



8o History of Orange County 

GERMANNA, FIRST GERMAN COLONY. 

Three German colonies came to Virginia during the 
administration of Governor Spotswood and settled at 
or near Germanna. The first consisted of 12 families 
numbering 42 persons, as shown by an Order of the Vir- 
ginia Council passed April 28, 17 14. This Order pro- 
vided that a fort should be built for them, that two 
cannon and some ammunition should be furnished, and 
a road cleared to the settlement. The Order also 
shows that the colony had only recently arrived in 
Virginia. They were the first actual settlers in what is 
now Orange County, and this was the beginning of 
Germanna. Mr. Charles E. Kemper, of Staunton, Va., 
a lineal descendant of one of the families, in an article 
contributed to the April number, 1906, of the Virginia 
Magazine of History and Biography (Vol. XIII., pp. 
367-70) gives their names as follows: 

Jacob Holtzclaw, wife Margaret, sons John and 
Henry; John Kemper, wife Alice Kathrina; John 
Joseph Martin, wife Maria Kathrina; John Spillman, 
wife Mary; Herman Fishback, wife Kathrina; John 
Henry Hoffman, wife Kathrina; Joseph Coons, wife 
Kathrina, son John Annalis, daughter Kathrina ; John 
Fishback, wife Agnes; Jacob Rector, wife Elizabeth, 
son John; Melchior Brumback, wife Elizabeth; Till- 
man Weaver, mother Ann Weaver; Peter Hitt, wife 
Elizabeth. 

In 1724 these Germans were proving their importa- 
tions in the Spotsylvania County Court in order to 
take up lands under the Head-right Act, and stated 
that they had arrived in Virginia in April, 17 14. 



Germanna and the First Settlers. 8i 

All these first colonists belonged to the German 
Reformed Church, the great German branch of the 
Presbyterian family of churches. They were natives of 
the old principality of Nassau-Siegen, now a part of 
Westphalia, Germany, and their homes were in and 
near the city of Siegen and the town of Muesen. They 
organized, at Germanna, the first congregation of the 
German Reformed church in the United States, and 
John Fontaine records in his Journal the first descrip- 
tion of a religious service in America conducted by the 
adherents of this denomination. They removed from 
Germanna in 1721 and settled on Licking Run, about 
eight miles south of Warrenton near present Midland 
station, where they first acquired lands. The locality 
was then in Stafford, later Prince William, and is now 
Fauquier. Their new home was known as Germantown. 

Rev. Henry Haeger was their pastor. He was a 
man of much erudition, lived to a great age, and died in 
1737. These colonists were induced to leave their 
homes in Germany by the Baron de Graff enreid, acting 
for Governor Spotswood who was then making prepa- 
rations to develop his iron mines in the vicinity of 
Germanna, and this business enterprise of the Governor 
was the sole cause of their coming to America and 
Virginia. 

•SECOND GERMAN COLONY. 

The second colony, which came in 17 17, was entirely 
distinct from the first; in fact, when leaving Germany 
its destination was Pennsylvania, and not Virginia, and 
it finally reached Virginia through force of circum- 
stances for which they were not responsible and which 



82 History of Orange County 

they could not control. This colony was composed 
chiefly of Lutherans. It numbered about eighty per- 
sons, comprised in twenty families, coming from Alsace, 
the Palatinate and adjacent districts in Germany. 

In 1 7 19 a third colony, also mostly Lutherans, con- 
sisting of forty families, came to Virginia and settled in 
the vicinity of Germanna. Comparatively nothing is 
known of the antecedent history of this last group of 
Germans. The colony of 17 17 became involved in 
litigation with Governor Spotswood, of whose treat- 
ment they more than once complained. 

The records of Spotsylvania show their names as 
follows: John Broil, Frederick Cobbler, Christopher 
Zimmerman, wife Elizabeth, children John and 
Andrew; Henry Snyder, wife Dorothy; Michael Smith, 
wife Kathrina; Michael Cook, wife Mary; Andrew 
Kerker, wife Margarita, daughter Barbara; WiUiam 
Carpenter, wife Elizabeth; Christopher Pavler, (or 
Parlur) wife Pauera; Jacob Broil; John Broil, wife 
Ursley, children Conrad and Elizabeth ; Nicholas 
Yeager, wife Mary, children Adam and Mary; Philip 
Paulitz; Robert Turner, wife Mary, children Christo- 
pher, Christianna, Kathrina, Mary and Parva ; Conrad 
Auberge, Balthaser Blankenbaker, Michael Clore, An- 
drew Ballenger, George Sheible, George Meyer, Michael 
Kaffer, Matthias Blankenbaker, Michael Holt, Zere- 
chias Fleshman, Hendrick Snyder, George Utz. 

Quite a number of them proved their importations at 
Germanna in 1726 and 1727, and their names are given 
in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 
April No., 1906 



Germanna and the First Settlers 83 

The colonists of 17 17 and 17 19 seem to have remained 
at Germanna, or in that neighborhood, until 1725 or 
1726, when they removed to the Robertson river section 
(in Madison County) , where they had acquired lands. 

In the same magazine, Vol. XIV. pp. 136-170, Rev. 
William J. Hinke, of Philadelphia, contributes a num- 
ber of valuable documents relating to the German 
element of Madison County, which, with Mr. Hinke's 
notes, constitute the most valuable sources of history 
of these two colonies, and tell best the story of their 
early fortunes in Virginia. Many of these names are 
familiar in Madison to-day, and the list last given 
sounds like an echo of the roll-call of the Madison Troop 
in the Confederate war. Hebron church, near the 
Robertson River, remains a monument of their devotion 
and Christian character. 

The history of these Germans is very interesting, and 
has been written at large by several authors, the best 
and most comprehensive account of them being the 
"Kemper Genealogy," which treats of the earliest 
colony, that of 17 14. Gen. James L. Kemper, Governor 
of Virginia soon after the war, was a descendant of one 
of these colonists; and their descendants are to be 
found not only in Virginia, but throughout the South 
and West. 

The limitations of this book preclude the following 
up of their fortunes, but the truth of history impels the 
statement that the colonists of 17 14 were the real first 
actual settlers of Orange. And if Governor Spotswood 
were in fact the "Tubal Cain of Virginia," it was these 
Germans who won that title for him. In the " Kemper 



84 History of Orange County 

Genealogy" it is stated with emphasis that the colony of 
1 7 14 was not a Palatinate Colony. "They did not leave 
their homes not knowing where they were going, nor 
because they were compelled to. They were engaged 
to go, and knew where they were going, and what they 
were to do. They came from one of the thriftiest and 
most intelligent provinces of Germany ; they were mas- 
ter mechanics, and were an intelligent, progressive set 
of people." 

The Rev. Hugh Jones, in his " Present State of Vir- 
ginia, " published about 1724, thus describes Germanna : 
"Beyond Governor Spotswood's furnace above the 
Falls of Rappahannock River, within view of the vast 
mountains, he has founded a town, called Germanna 
from the Germans sent over by Queen Anne, who are 
now removed up further. He has servants and work- 
men at most handicraft trades, and he is building a 
church, courthouse, and dwelling house for himself; 
and with his servants and negroes he has cleared plan- 
tations about it, proposing great encouragement for 
people to come and settle in that uninhabited part of 
the world, lately divided into a county, " that is Spot- 
sylvania. 

This would seem to fix the date of the first English 
settlement there as about 1724; and incidentally to 
dispose of the rather incredible statement made by Mr. 
William Kyle Anderson, in his "Taylor Genealogy" 
that " Bloomsbury, " the former home of Col. James 
Taylor, now owned by the Jerdone family, about three 
miles below present Orange courthouse and some 
twenty above Germanna, was built so early as 1722. 



Germanna and the First Settlers 85 

A subsequent chapter, "The Progress to the Mines, " 
is the best extant description of this historic old place. 
That there was a "palace" there, with a terraced gar- 
den connected by an underground passage with a fort, 
there is no reason to doubt. Indeed, the terraces 
remain to this day. It was certainly the county seat 
of Spotsylvania, as the statute shows. In May, 1732, 
a statute was passed, " Whereas, the place for holding 
courts in the County of Spotsylvania, is appointed and 
fixed at Germanna, and it is found by experience that 
great inconveniences attend the justices and inhabi- 
tants of the said county and others whose attendance 
is required or who have business to transact at the said 
courts, for want of accommodation for themselves and 
their horses, which by reason of the fewness of the 
inhabitants for many miles round the said place cannot 
be had, " and enacting that these courts be held only at 
Fredericksburg from the ensuing first day of August. 

Then began, no doubt, the decadence of this historic 
hamlet, which has continued till now. But " a merry 
place it was in days of yore," where the gentry were 
feasted at the palace, and "Miss Theky" dispensed 
other beverages than coffee that would not give a man 
the palsy. But it ought never to be forgotten that at 
Germanna began that great adventure, the tramon- 
tane ride of the " Knights of the Horseshoe, " the first 
body of Englishmen to cross the Blue Ridge and 
discover the Goshen beyond ; and hence, it may be truly 
said, the "star of empire began its westward course," 
nor stopped until the Mississippi had been passed and 
the Golden Gate to the Pacific had been reached. In 



86 History of Orange County 

later times, mighty armies crossed and recrossed the 
Rapidan at Germanna, and the thunders of Chancellors- 
ville and the Wilderness shook its ruins to their foun- 
dations. Ichabod! The glory of Israel is departed; 
let the memory of it remain forever! 



CHAPTER XL 



Progress to the Mines. 

The following sketch of a visit to Colonel Spotswood 
and his mines in 1732 by Col. William Byrd is inserted 
with full knowledge of the proverb that " comparisons 
are odious. " 

A just consideration of the rights of the readers of 
this book impels its insertion, the cost of the Westover 
Manuscripts, from which it is extracted, rendering 
them practically inaccessible to the average reader. 

Colonel Byrd was one of the commissioners to run the 
boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina, and 
also a commissioner on the part of the colony to define 
the southwestern limit of Lord Fairfax's grant, report- 
ing strenuously and conclusively that the modem 
Rappahannock River was the true boundary; which 
report, however, did not finally prevail. 

He held many positions of dignity and trust in the 
colony and, it is said, was the friend of Addison, and an 
occasional contributor to the " Spectator. ' ' He amassed 
the finest private library which had then been seen 
in America. Bom March 28, 1674. Died August 26, 
1744. 

I took my leave about ten, and drove over a spa- 
cious level road ten miles, to a bridge built over the 
river Po, which is one of the four branches of Matapony, " 

87 



88 History of Orange County 

about forty yards wide. Two miles beyond that we 
passed by a plantation belonging to the company of 
about five hundred acres, where they keep a great 
number of oxen to relieve those that have dragged their 
loaded carts thus far. Three miles farther we came to 
Germanna road, where I quitted the chair, and con- 
tinued my journey on horseback. I rode eight miles 
together over a stony road, and had on either side con- 
tinual poisoned fields, with nothing but saplings grow- 
ing on them. Then I came into the main county road, 
that leads from Fredericksburg to Germanna, which 
last place I reached in ten miles more. This famous 
town consists of Colonel Spotswood's enchanted castle 
on one side of the street, and a baker's dozen of ruinous 
tenements on the other, where so many German fam- 
ilies had dwelt some years ago; but are now removed 
ten miles higher in the fork of Rappahannock, to land 
of their own. There had also been a chapel about a 
bowshot from the Colonel's house at the end of an 
avenue of cherry trees, but some pious people had 
lately burnt it down, with intent to get another built 
nearer to their own homes. Here I arrived about three 
o'clock, and found only Mrs. Spotswood at home, who 
received her old acquaintance with many a gracious 
smile. I was carried into a room elegantly set off with 
pier glasses, the largest of which came soon after to an 
odd misfortune. Amongst other favorite animals that 
cheered this lady's solitude, a brace of tame deer ran 
familiarly about the house, and one of them came to 
stare at me as a stranger. But unluckily spying his 
own figure in the glass, he made a spring over the tea 
table that stood under it, and shattered the glass to 
pieces, and falling back upon the tea table, made a 
terrible fracas among the china. This exploit was so 
sudden, and accompanied with such a noise, that it 
surprised me and perfectly frightened Mrs. Spotswood. 
But it was worth all the damage to show the moderation 



o 
>■ 
g; 

o 
•z 

t-' 
o 
o 
o 



05 




Progress to the Mines. 89 

and good humour with which she bore the disaster. 
In the evening the noble Colonel came home from his 
mines, who saluted me very civilly, and Mrs. Spots- 
wood's sister, Miss Theky, who had been to meet him 
en cavalier, was so kind, too, as to bid me welcome. 

We talked over a legion of old stories, supped about 
nine, and then prattled with the ladies till it was time 
for a traveller to retire. In the meantime I observed 
my old friend to be very uxorious and exceedingly fond 
of his children. This was so opposite to the maxims 
he used to preach up before he was married, that I 
could not forbear rubbing up the memory of them. 
But he gave a very good-natured turn to his change of 
sentiments, by alleging that whoever brings a poor 
gentlewoman into so solitary a place, from all her 
friends and acquaintances, would be ungrateful not to 
use her and all that belongs to her with all possible 
tenderness. 

28th. We all kept snug in our several apartments 
till nine, except Miss Theky, who was the housewife of 
the family. At that hour we met over a pot of coffee, 
which was not quite strong enough to give us the palsy. 
After breakfast the Colonel and I left the ladies to their 
domestic affairs, and took a turn in the garden, which 
has nothing beautiful but three terrace walks that fall 
in slopes one below another. I let him understand that 
besides the pleasure of paying him a visit, I came to be 
instructed by so great a master in the mystery of mak- 
ing of iron, wherein he had led the way, and was the 
Tubal Cain of Virginia. He corrected me a little there, 
by assuring me he was not only the first in this country, 
but the first in North America, who had erected a regu- 
lar furnace. That they ran altogether upon bloom- 
eries in New England and Pennsylvania, till his exam- 
ple had made them attempt greater works. But in this 
last colony, they have so few ships to carry their iron to 
Great Britain, that they must be content to make it 



90 History of Orange County 

only for their own use, and must be obliged to manu- 
facture it when they have none. That he hoped he had 
done the country very great service by setting so good 
an example. That the four furnaces now at work in 
Virginia circulated a great sum of money for provisions 
and all other necessaries in the adjacent counties. 
That they took off a great many hands from planting 
tobacco, and employed them in works that produced a 
large sum of money in England to the persons con- 
cerned, whereby the country is so much the richer. 
That they are, besides, a considerable advantage to 
Great Britain, because it lessens the quantity of bar 
iron imported from Spain, Holland, Sweden, Denmark 
and Muscovy, which used to be no less than 20,000 
tons yearly, though at the same time no sow iron is 
imported thither from any country, but only from the 
plantations. For most of this bar iron they do not 
only pay silver, but our friends in the Baltic are so nice, 
they even expect to be paid all in crown pieces. On 
the contrary, all the iron they receive from the planta- 
tions, they pay for it in their own manufactures, and 
send for it in their own shipping. Then I inquired 
after his own mines, and hoped, as he was the first that 
engaged in this great undertaking, that he had brought 
them to the most perfection. He told me he had iron 
in several parts of his great tract of land, consisting of 
45,000 acres. But that the mine he was at work upon 
was 13 miles below Germanna. That his ore (which 
was very rich) he raised a mile from his furnace, and 
was obliged to cart the iron, when it was made, fifteen 
miles to Massaponax, a plantation he had upon Rappa- 
hannock River; but that the road was exceeding good, 
gently declining all the way, and had no more than one 
hill to go in the whole journey. For this reason his load- 
ed carts went it in a day without difficulty. He said it 
was true his works were of the oldest standing : but that 



Progress to the Mines 91 

his long absence in England, and the wretched manage- 
ment of Mr. Greame, whom he had entrusted with his 
affairs, had put him back very much. That, what with 
neglect and severity, above eighty of his slaves were 
lost while he was in England, and most of his cattle 
starved. That his furnace stood still a great part of the 
time, and all his plantations ran to ruin. That indeed 
he was rightly served for committing his affairs to the 
care of a mathematician, whose thoughts were always 
among the stars. That nevertheless, since his return, 
he had applied himself to rectify his steward's mistakes, 
and bring his business again into order. That now he 
had contrived to do everything with his own people, 
except raising the mine and running the iron, by which 
he had contracted his expense very much. Nay, he 
believed that by his directions he could bring sensible 
negroes to perform those parts of the works tolerably 
well. But at the same time he gave me to understand, 
that his furnace had done no great feats lately, because 
he had been taken up in building an air furnace at 
Massaponax, which he had now brought to perfection, 
and should be thereby able to furnish the whole country 
with all sorts of cast iron, as cheap and as good as ever 
came from England. I told him he must do one thing 
more to have a full vent for those commodities — he 
must keep a shallop ninning into all the rivers, to carry 
his wares home to people's own doors. And if he 
would do that, I would set a good example, and take off 
a whole ton of them. Our conversation on this sub- 
ject continued till dinner, which was both elegant and 
plentiful. The afternoon was devoted to the ladies, 
who showed me one of their most beautiful walks. 
They conducted me through a shady lane to the landing, 
and by the way made me drink some very fine water 
that issued from a marble fountain, and ran incessantly. 
Just behind it was a covered bench, where Miss Theky 



92 History of Orange County 

often sat and bewailed her virginity. Then we pro- 
ceeded to the river which is the south branch of Rappa- 
hannock, about fifty yards wide, and so rapid that the 
ferry boat is drawn over by a chain, and therefore called 
the Rapidan. At night we drank prosperity to all the 
Colonel's projects in a bowl of rack punch, and then 
retired to our devotions. 

2gth. Having employed about two hours in retire- 
ment, I sallied out at the first summons to breakfast, 
where our conversation with the ladies, like whip silla- 
bub, was very pretty, but had nothing in it. This it 
seems was Miss Theky's birthday, upon which I made 
her my compliments, and wished she might live twice 
as long a married woman as she had lived a maid. I 
did not presume to pry into the secret of her age, nor 
was she forward to disclose it, for this humble reason, 
lest I thould think her wisdom fell short of her years. 
She contrived to make this day of her birth a day of 
mourning for having nothing better at present to set 
her affections upon, she had a dog that was a great 
favorite. It happened that very morning the poor cur 
had done something very uncleanly upon the Colonel's 
bed, for which he was condemned to die. However, 
upon her entreaty, she got him a reprieve ; but was so 
concerned that so much severity should be intended on 
her birthday, that she was not to be comforted; and 
lest such another accident might oust the poor cur of 
his clergy, she protested she would board out her dog 
at a neighbour's house, where she hoped he would be 
more kindly treated. 

We had a Michaelmas goose for dinner, of Miss Theky's 
own raising, who was now good natured enough to for- 
get the jeopardy of her dog. In the afternoon we walked 
in a meadow by the riverside, which winds in the form 
of a horse-shoe about Germanna, making it a peninsula, 
containing about four hundred acres. Rappahannock 
forks about fourteen miles below this place, the northern 



Progress to the Mines. 93 

branch being the larger, and consequently must be 
the river that bounds my Lord Fairfax's grant of the 
Northern Neck. 

joth. The sun rose clear this morning, and so did I, 
and finished all my little affairs by breakfast. It was 
then resolved to wait on the ladies on horseback, since 
the bright sun, the fine air, and the wholesome exercise, 
all invited us to it. We forded the river a little above 
the ferry, and rode six miles up the neck to a fine level 
piece of rich land, where we found about twenty 
plants of ginseng, with the scarlet berries growing on 
the top of the middle stalk. The root of this is of won- 
derful virtue in many cases, particularly to raise the 
spirits and promote perspiration, which makes it a 
specific in colds and coughs. The Colonel complimented 
me with all we found in return for my telling him the 
virtues of it. We were all pleased to find so much of 
this king of plants so near the Colonel's habitation, and 
growing too upon his own land; but were surprised, 
however, to find it upon level ground, after we had been 
told it grew only upon the north side of stony moim- 
tains. I carried home this treasure with as much joy 
as if every root had been a graft of the tree of life, and 
washed and dried it carefully. This airing made us as 
hungry as so many hawks, so that between appetite 
and a very good dinner, it was difficult to eat like a 
philosopher. In the afternoon the ladies walked me 
about amongst all their little animals, with which they 
amuse themselves and furnish the table ; the worst of it 
is they are so tender-hearted, they shed a silent tear 
every time any of them are killed, 

October ist. Our ladies overslept themselves this 
morning, so that we did not break our fast till ten. 
We drank tea made of the leaves of ginseng, which has 
the virtues of the root in a weaker degree, and is not 
disagreeable. 



94 History of Orange County 

2d. This being the day appointed for my departure 
from hence, I packed up my effects in good time ; but 
the ladies, whose dear companies we were to have to 
the mines, were a little tedious in their equipment. 
However we made a shift to get into the coach by ten 
o'clock ; but little master, who is under no government, 
would by all means go on horseback. Before we set 
out I gave Mr. Russel the trouble of distributing a 
pistole among the servants, of which I fancy the nurse 
had a pretty good share, being no small favourite. We 
drove over a fine road to the mines, which lie thirteen 
measured miles from the Germanna, each mile being 
marked distinctly upon the trees. The Colonel has a 
great deal of land in his mine tract exceedingly barren, 
and the growth of trees upon it is hardly big enough for 
coaling. However, the treasure under ground makes 
amends, and renders it worthy to be his lady's jointure. 
We lighted at the mines, which are a mile nearer Ger- 
manna than the furnace. They raise abundance of ore 
there, great part of which is very rich. We saw his 
engineer blow it up after the following manner. He 
drilled a hole about eighteen inches deep, humouring 
the situation of the mine. When he had dried it with 
a rag fastened to a worm, he charged it with a cart- 
ridge containing four ounces of powder, including the 
priming. Then he rammed the hole up with soft stone 
to the very mouth; after that he pierced through all 
with an iron called a primer, which is taper and ends in 
a short point. Into the hole which the primer makes, 
the priming is put, which is fired by a paper moistened 
with a solution of saltpetre. And this burns leisurely 
enough, it seems, to give time to the persons concerned 
to retreat out of harm's way. All the land hereabouts 
seems paved with iron ore; so that there seems to be 
enough to feed a furnace for many ages. From hence 
we proceeded to the furnace, which is built of rough 
stone, having been the first of that kind erected in the 



Progress to the Mines. 95 

country. It had not blown for several moons, the Col- 
onel having taken off great part of his people to carry 
on his air furnace at Massaponax. Here the wheel that 
carried the bellows was no more than twenty feet diam- 
eter; but was an overshot wheel that went with little 
water. This was necessary here, because water is 
something scarce, notwithstanding it is supplied by two 
streams, one of which is conveyed 1900 feet through 
wooden pipes, and the other 60. The name of the 
founder employed at present is one Godfrey, of the 
kingdom of Ireland, whose wages is three shillings and 
six-pence per ton for all the iron he runs, and his pro- 
visions. This man told me that the best wood for 
coaling is red oak. He complained that the Colonel 
starves his works out of whimsicalness and frugality, 
endeavouring to do everything with his own people, 
and at the ' same time taking them off upon every 
vagary that comes into his head. Here the coal carts 
discharge their loads at folding doors, made at the bot- 
tom, which is sooner done, and shatters the coal less. 
They carry no more than one hundred and ten bushels. 
The Colonel advised me by all means to have the coal 
made on the same side the river with the furnace, not 
only to avoid the charge of boating and bags, but like- 
wise to avoid breaking of the coals, and making them 
less fit for use. Having picked the bones of a sirloin of 
beef, we took leave of the ladies, and rode together 
about five miles, where the roads parted. The Colonel 
took that to Massaponax, which is fifteen miles from his 
furnace, and very level, and I that to Fredericksburg, 
which cannot be less than twenty. I was a little 
benighted, and should not have seen my way, if the 
lightning, which flashed continually in my face, had 
not befriended me. I got about seven o'clock to Col. 
Harry Willis's, a little moistened with the rain ; but a 
glass of good wine kept my pores open, and prevented 
all rheums and defiuxions for that time. 



g6 History of Orange County 

jd. I was obliged to rise early here that I might not 
starve my landlord, whose constitution requires him to 
swallow a beef -steak before the sun blesses the earth 
with its genial rays. However, he was so complaisant 
as to bear the gnawing of his stomach, till eight o'clock 
for my sake. Colonel Waller, after a score of loud hems 
to clear his throat, broke his fast along with us. When 
this necessary affair was despatched. Colonel Willis 
walked me about his town of Fredericksburg. It is 
pleasantly situated on the south shore of Rappahan- 
nock River, about a mile below the falls. Sloops may 
come up and lie close to the wharf, within 30 yards of 
the public ware-houses, which are built in the figure of 
a cross. Just by the wharf is a quarry of white stone 
that is very soft in the ground, and hardens in the air, 
appearing to be as fair and fine grained as that of Port- 
land. Besides that there are several other quarries in 
the river bank, within the limits of the town, sufficient 
to build a large city. The only edifice of stone yet 
built is the prison ; the walls of which are strong enough 
to hold Jack Sheppard, if he had been transported 
thither. Though this be a commodious and beautiful 
situation for a town, with the advantages of a navigable 
river and wholesome air, yet the inhabitants are very 
few. Besides Colonel Willis, who is the top man of the 
place, there are only one merchant, a tailor, a smith, 
and an ordinary keeper ; though I must not forget Mrs. 
Levistone, who acts here in the double capacity of a 
doctress and coffee woman. And were this a populous 
city, she is qualified to exercise two other callings. It 
is said that the courthouse and the church are going to 
be built here, and then both religion and justice will 
help to enlarge the place. Two miles from this place is 
a spring strongly impregnated with alum, and so is the 
earth all about it. This water does wonders for those 
that are afflicted with a dropsy. And on the other side 
the river, in King George County, 1 2 miles from hence, 



> 

t— I 



'-d 

Oq 




Progress to the Mines 97 

is another spring of strong steel water as good as that at 
Tunbridge Wells. Not far from this last spring are 
England's iron mines, called so from the chief manager 
of them, though the land belongs to Mr. Washington. 
These mines are two miles from the furnace, and Mr, 
Washington raises the ore, and carts it thither for 20 
shillings the ton of iron that it yields. The furnace is 
built on a run, which discharges its waters into Poto- 
mac. And when the iron is cast, they cart it about six 
miles to a landing on that river. Besides Mr. Wash- 
ington and Mr. England, there are several other per- 
sons, in England, concerned in these works. Matters 
are very well managed there, and no expense is spared 
to make them profitable, which is not the case in the 
works I have already mentioned. 



CHAPTER XII. 



The Knights of the Horseshoe. 

It has been stated that Governor Spotswood's tra- 
montane expedition started from Germanna. The 
Governor, and John Fontaine, who had been an ensign 
in the British army and had lately come to Virginia, 
came thither from Williamsburg, and Fontaine's 
quaint Journal constitutes the historical warp and 
woof of any account that can be given of the expedition. 

The gentlemen of the party appear to have been 
Spotswood, Fontaine, Beverley, the historian of Vir- 
ginia in 1703, Colonel Robertson, Austin Smith, who 
abandoned the expedition the second day because of 
sickness, Todd, Dr. Robinson, Taylor, Brooke, Mason, 
and Captains Clouder and Smith; the whole number 
of the party was about fifty, and as Campbell remarks 
^iand the Journal shows, they had " an abundant supply 
of provisions and an extraordinary variety of liquors." 
Probably but for the frequent manifestations of loyalty 
by the party in drinking the healths of the royal family 
and themselves, a better idea could be formed of the 
route followed. Suffice it to say here that it appears to 
have been wholly within the confines of what was then 
Spotsylvania, and afterwards became Orange County. 

Rev, Dr. Philip Slaughter, in his "History of St. Mark's 
Parish" undertook to outline the route, and even to 

98 



The Knights of the Horseshoe 99 

attempt a diagram of it. Manifestly there is so much 
conjecture in both the outline and diagram that it can- 
not be accepted as serious history. It confutes itself 
by its own ingenuity. 

Names of places, as given in the Journal, have come 
down to the present time, as Mine Run, and Mountain 
Run. The forks of the Rappahannock above Ger- 
manna can only mean the confluence of the Robertson 
and Rapidan rivers ; after that all is confusion and pure 
guesswork until Swift Run is reached. 

Fontaine calls the Rapidan the Rappahannock, its 
true name at that period, throughout the westward 
journey; returning he calls it the Rapidan, a name it 
never had imtil so called by Spotswood about the date 
of this expedition. 

Beverley says, in the preface to the second edition 
of his ' ' History of Virginia " (1722), contradicting a more 
absurd statement of Oldmixon ; " I was with the present 
Governor at the head spring of both these rivers (Rap- 
pahannock and York) and their fountains are in the 
highest ridge of moimtains;" Dr. Slaughter, that, "as 
Swift Run Gap is the only 'pass ' which the head waters 
of York, James and Rappahannock approximate, etc. " 
The well ascertained fact is that the ultimate head 
springs of the York are within a few miles of Gordons- 
ville, and the head spring of the Rappahannock some 
miles to the east of Swift Run Gap ; so both these con- 
tentions fall. 

Fontaine's statement is simply that they "came to 
the very head spring of James River where it runs no 
bigger than a man's arm from under a big stone," where 

"•* C- 



loo History of Orange County 

they drank many healths at the very top of the Appala- 
chian Mountains; and that about a musket shot from 
this spring there is another which runs down on the 
other side. This statement can be confirmed by any 
traveller through the gap, and his general description of 
the near approach to the gap is very realistic as one 
follows the turnpike, Journal in hand. Of course this 
head spring of the James is its eastern head spring, and 
the spring distant from it about a musket shot flows into 
the Shenandoah and thence into the Potomac. 

There is no reason to doubt, and every reason to 
believe, that this crossing of the Blue Ridge was made in 
17 16, and was almost certainly the first that had ever 
been made by any body of white men. So when Spot- 
sylvania was formed four years later, and its south- 
western line was run from a " convenient" point on the 
North Anna to the river on the west side of the great 
mountains "so as to include the northern passage 
through the said mountains," and that line has sub- 
sisted substantially from that day to this, the conclusion 
seems unavoidable that Swift Rim Gap is the place 
where Spotswood crossed. The line runs but a few 
miles southwest of the gap, with no intervening good 
pass. 

The footnote to the Journal sufficiently indicates the 
bestowal of miniature horseshoes upon these gentle- 
men adventurers, and any further attempted elabora- 
tion of it would be mere conjecture. It is very remark- 
able, however, that all of these jeweled tokens of the 
expedition have disappeared. In the Romance, "The 
Knights of the Horseshoe," by Dr. Caruthers, is pub- 
lished a letter from Judge Brooke of Fredericksburg to 



The Knights of the Horseshoe ioi 

the author in which he testifies that he had seen one of 
them. Campbell, the careful historian, relates that the 
one which had belonged to Spotswood was small enough 
to be worn on a watch chain. Some of them, if not all, 
were set with jewels. 

Curious and careless as it may seem, several Virginia 
historians have published the legend as " Sic Jurat, '' 
instead of " Juvat;" and even John Esten Cooke in his 
"Stories from the Old Dominion," forfeiting all doubt 
as to a typographical error, so writes it and then trans- 
lates his bad Latin, "So they swore to cross the moun- 
tains;" an error which is corrected in his graver work, 
the History of Virginia in the "American Common- 
wealths" series. 

It has been impossible to ascertain where the fiction 
of "knighthood" originated, a dignity which only 
royalty or quasi royalty could confer : it seems improb- 
able that the ever loyal Spotswood would have pre- 
sirnied to establish an "Order" of his own. 

In a former paragraph it has been stated with confi- 
dence that this crossing of the Blue Ridge was almost 
certainly the first by any body of white men; which 
statement was not made in ignorance of other claims to 
that distinction. In an "Abridgement of the Public 
Laws of Virginia in force and use, June lo, 1720, Lon- 
don, 1728, " in the Library of Congress, at page 163-165, 
there appears an address of the Burgesses to the King, 
in which it is distinctly stated that there are only two 
known " passes" through the Blue Ridge : the Northern 
pass and the one on Roanoke leading to the south. 
Three white men, an Indian and a "former servant" 



I02 History of Orange County 

appear to have passed through Wood's Gap, near the 
North Carolina line, as early as 1671, but nothing was 
accomplished by them towards opening up the great 
Valley of Virginia, 

"The Discoveries of John Lederer in Three Several 
Marches from Virginia," published in London in 1672, 
so discredits itself by travellers' tales, as to forfeit all 
claim to be called history. From the top of the Blue 
Ridge he "saw the Atlantic Ocean washing the Vir- 
ginia shore" and simdry other impossible things; and 
it seems to be agreed that if, perchance, he did ascend 
the Blue Ridge he certainly did not descend the western 
slope. (See Amer. Anthropologist, IX, 45.) 



The Knights of the Horseshoe 103 



THE VIRGINIANS OF THE VALLEY. 
Sic Juvat. 

The knightliest of the knightly race, 

Who, since the days of old, 
Have kept the lamps of chivalry 

Alight in hearts of gold. 
The kindliest of the kindly band 

Who rarely hated ease. 
Yet rode with Spotswood 'roiind the land 

And Raleigh 'round the seas! 

Who climbed the blue Virginia hills 

Amid embattled foes, 
And planted there, in Valleys fair, 

The lily and the rose; 
Whose fragrance lives in many lands, 

Whose beauty stars the earth, 
And lights the hearts of many homes 

With loveliness and worth. 

We thought they slept! these sons who kept 

The names of noble sires, 
And slumbered while the darkness crept 

Around their Virgin fires! 
But still the Golden Horseshoe Knights 

Their Old Dominion keep, 
Their foes have found enchanted ground 

But not a Knight asleep. 

The above poem, written by Ticknor, of Georgia, 
about 1 86 1, seems an appropriate introduction to the 
Journal, as copied from the "Memoirs of a Huguenot 
Family. " 



I04 History of Orange County 



JOHN Fontaine's journal. 

Williamsburg, 20th August, iyi6. In the morning got 
my horses ready, and what baggage was necessary, and 
I waited on the Governor, who was in readiness for an 
expedition over the Appalachian mountains. We break- 
fasted, and about ten got on horseback, and at four 
came to the Brick-house, upon York River, where we 
crossed the ferry, and at six we came to Mr. Austin 
Moor's house, upon Mattapony River, in King William 
County; here we lay all night and were well enter- 
tained. 

2ist. Fair weather. At ten we set out from Mr, 
Moor's, and crossed the river of Mattapony, and con- 
tinued on the road, and were on horseback till nine of 
the clock at night, before we came to Mr. Robert 
Beverley's house, where we were well entertained, and 
remained this night. 

22d. At nine in the morning, we set out from Mr. 
Beverley's. The Governor left his chaise here, and 
mounted his horse. The weather fair, we continued 
on our journey until we came to Mr. Woodford's where 
we lay, and were well entertained. This house lies on 
Rappahannock River, ten miles below the falls. 

22d. Here we remained all this day, and diverted 
ourselves and rested our horses. 

24t\i. In the morning at seven, we mounted our 
horses, and came to Austin Smith's house about ten, 
where we dined, and remained till about one of the 
clock, then we set out, and about nine of the clock, we 
came to the German -town, where we rested that night 
— bad beds and indifferent entertainment. 

German-town, 2jth. After dinner we went to see the 
mines, but I could not observe that there was any 
good mine. The Germans pretend that it is a silver 
mine ; we took some of the ore and endeavoured to run 



The Knights of the Horseshoe 105 

it, but could get nothing out of it, and I am of opinion 
it will not come to anything, no, not as much as lead. 
Many of the gentlemen of the county are concerned in 
this work. We returned to our hard beds. 

2jth. At seven we got up, and several gentlemen of 
the country that were to meet the Governor at this 
place for the expedition arrived here, as also two com- 
panies of rangers, consisting each of six men and an 
officer. Four Meherrin Indians also came. 

In the morning I diverted myself with other gentle- 
men shooting at a mark. At twelve we dined, and 
after dinner we mounted our horses and crossed the 
Rappahannock River, that runs by this place, and 
went to find out some convenient place for our horses 
to feed in, and to view the land hereabouts. Our 
guide left us, and we went so far in the woods, that we 
did not know the way back again ; so we hallooed and 
fired our guns. Half an hour after sunset, the guide 
came to us, and we went to cross the river by another 
ford higher up. The descent to the river being steep, 
and the night dark, we were obliged to dismount, and 
lead our horses down to the river side, which was very 
troublesome. The bank being very steep, the greatest 
part of our company went into the water to moimt 
their horses, where they were up to the crotch in water. 
After we had forded the river and come to the other 
side, where the bank was steep also, in going up the 
horse of one of our company slipped and fell back into 
the river on the top of his rider, but he received no 
other damage than being heartily wet, which made 
sport for the rest. A hornet stung one of the gentle- 
men in the face, which swelled tremendously. About 
ten we came to the town, where we supped, and to bed. 

2yth. Got our tents in order, and our horses shod. 
About twelve, I was taken with a violent headache and 
pains in all my bones, so that I was obliged to lie 
down, and was very bad that day. 



io6 History of Orange County 

28th. About one in the morning, I was taken with a 
violent fever, which abated about six at night, and I 
began to take the bark, and had one ounce divided into 
eight doses, and took two of them by ten of the clock 
that night. The fever abated, but I had great pains in 
my head and bones. 

\'':2gth. In the morning we got all things in readiness, 
and about one we left the German-town to set out on 
our intended journey. At five in the afternoon, the 
Governor gave orders to encamp near a small river, 
three miles from Germanna, which we called Expedi- 
tion Run, and here we lay all night. This first encamp- 
ment was called Beverley Camp in honor of one of the 
gentlemen of our party. We made great fires, and 
supped, and drank good punch. By ten of the clock 
I had taken all of my ounce of Jesuit's Bark, but my 
head was much out of order. 

joth. In the morning about seven of the clock, the 
trumpet sounded to awake all the company, and we 
got up. One Austin Smith, one of the gentlemen with 
us, having a fever, returned home. We had lain upon 
the ground under cover of our tents, and we found by 
the pains in our bones that we had not had good beds to 
lie upon. At nine in the morning, we sent our ser- 
vants and baggage forward, and we remained because 
two of the Governor's horses had strayed. At half 
past two we got the horses, at three we mounted, and 
at half an hour after four we came up with our baggage 
at a small river, three miles on the way, which we called 
Mine River, because there was an appearance of a 
silver mine by it. We made about three miles more, 
and came to another small river, which is at the foot of 
a small mountain, so we encamped here and called it 
Mountain Run, and our camp we called Todd's Camp. 
We had good pasturage for our horses, and venison in 
abundance for ourselves, which we roasted before the 
fire upon wooden forks, and so we went to bed in our 
tents. Made six miles this day. 



The Knights of the Horseshoe 107 

jist. At eight in the morning, we set out from Moun- 
tain Run, and after going five miles we came upon the 
upper part of Rappahannoc River. One of the gentle- 
men and I, we kept out on one side of the company 
about a mile, to have the better himting. I saw a 
deer, and shot him from my horse, but the horse threw 
me a terrible fall and ran away; we ran after, and with 
a great deal of difficulty got him again; but we could 
not find the deer I had shot, and we lost ourselves, and 
it was two hours before we could come upon the track 
of our company. About five miles further we crossed 
the same river again, and two miles further we met 
with a large bear, which one of our company shot, and I 
got the skin. We killed several deer, and about two 
miles from the place where we killed the bear, we 
encamped upon Rappahannoc River. From our 
encampment we could see the Appalachian Hills very 
plain. We made large fires, pitched our tents, and cut 
boughs to lie upon, had good liquor, and at ten we went 
to sleep. We always kept a sentry at the Governor's 
door. We called this Smith's Camp. Made this day 
14 miles. 

1st, September. At eight we mounted our horses, and 
made the first five miles of our way through a very 
pleasant plain, which lies where Rappahannoc River 
forks. I saw there the largest timber, the finest and 
deepest mould, and the best grass that I ever did see. 
We had some of our baggage put out of order, and our 
company dismoimted, by hornets stinging the horses. 
This was some hindrance, and did a little damage, but 
afforded a great deal of diversion. We killed three 
bears this day, which exercised the horses as well as the 
men. We saw two foxes but did not pursue them; we 
killed several deer. About five of the clock, we came 
to a run of water at the foot of a hill, where we pitched 
our tents. We called the encampment Dr. Robinson's 



io8 History of Orange County 

Camp, and the river Blind Run, We had good pastur- 
age for our horses, and everyone was cook for himself. 
We made our beds with bushes as before. On this day 
we made 13 miles. 

2d. At nine we were all on horseback, and after riding 
about five miles we crossed the Rappahannoc River, 
almost at the head, where it is very small. We had a 
rugged way; we passed over a great many small runs 
of water, some of which were very deep, and others 
very miry. Several of our company were dismounted, 
some were down with their horses, and some thrown 
off. We saw a bear running down a tree, but it being 
Sunday, we did not endeavour to kill anything. We 
encamped at five by a small river we called White Oak 
River, and called our camp Taylor's Camp. 

jd. About eight we were on horseback, and about 
ten we came to a thicket so tightly laced together, that 
we had a great deal of trouble to get through; our 
baggage was injured, our clothes torn all to rags, and 
the saddles and holsters also torn. About five of the 
clock we encamped almost at the head of James River, 
just below the great mountains. We called this camp 
Colonel Robertson's Camp. We made all this day but 
eight miles. 

4th. We had two of our men sick with the measles, 
and one of our horses poisoned with a rattlesnake. We 
took the heaviest of our baggage, our tired horses, and 
the sick men, and made as convenient a lodge for them 
as we could, and left people to guard them, and hunt 
for them. We had finished this work by twelve, and 
so we set out. The sides of the mountains were so full 
of vines and briers, that we were forced to clear most of 
the way before us. We crossed one of the small moun- 
tains this side the Appalachian, and from the top of it 
we had a fine view of the plains below. We were 
obliged to walk up the most of the way, there being 
abundance of loose stones on the side of the hill. I 



\ 



The Knights of the Horseshoe 109 

killed a large rattlesnake here, and the other people 
killed three more. We made about four miles, and so 
came to the side of James River, where a man may 
jump over it, and there we pitched our tents. As the 
people were lighting the fire, there came out of a large 
log of wood a prodigious snake, which they killed; so 
this camp was called Rattlesnake Camp, but it was 
otherwise called Brooke's Camp, 

jth. A fair day. At nine we were mounted ; we were 
obliged to have axemen to clear the way in some places. 
We followed the windings of James River, observing 
that it came from the very top of the mountains. We 
killed two rattlesnakes during our ascent. In some 
places it was very steep, in others it was so that we 
could ride up. About one of the clock we got to the 
top of the mountain ; about four miles and a half and 
we came to the very head spring of James River, 
where it runs no bigger than a man's arm, from under a 
large stone. We drank King George's health, and all 
the Royal Family's, at the very top of the Appalachian 
Mountains. About a musket shot from the spring, 
there is another which rises and runs down on the other 
side; it goes westward, and we thought we could go 
down that way, but we met with such prodigious preci- 
pices, that we were obliged to return to the top again. 
We found some trees which had been formerly marked, 
I suppose, by the northern Indians, and following these 
trees, we found a good, safe descent. Several of the 
company were for returning ; but the Governor persuaded 
them to continue on. About five, we were down on the 
other side, and continued our way for about seven miles 
further, until we came to a large river, by the side of 
which we encamped. We made this day 14 miles. I, 
being somewhat more curious than the rest, went on a 
high rock on the top of the mountain, to see fine pros- 
pects, and I lost my gun. We saw when we were over 
the mountains the footing of elks and buffaloes, and 



no History of Orange County 

their beds. We saw a vine which bore a sort of wild 
cucumber, and a shrub with a fruit Hke unto a cun-ant. 
We eat very good wild grapes. We called this place 
Spotswood Camp, after our Governor. 

6th. We crossed the river which we called Euphrates. 
It is very deep ; the main course of the water is north ; 
it is four score yards wide in the narrowest part. We 
drank some healths on the other side, and returned ; after 
which I went a swimming in it. We could not find any 
fordable place, except the one by which we crossed, and 
it was deep in several places. I got some grasshoppers 
and fished ; and another and I, we catched a dish of 
fish, some perch, and a fish they call chub. The others 
went a hunting, and killed deer and turkeys. The 
Governor had graving irons but could not grave any- 
thing, the stones were so hard. I graved my name on a 
tree by the river side ; and the Governor buried a bottle 
with a paper inclosed, on which he writ that he took 
possession of this place in the name and for King George 
the First of England.* 

We had a good dinner, and after it we got the men 
together, and loaded all their arms, and we drank the 
King's health in champagne, and fired a volley, the 
Princess's health in Burgundy, and fired a volley, and 
all the rest of the Royal Family in claret, and a volley. 
We drank the Governor's health and fired another vol- 
ley. We had several sorts of liquors, viz. ; Virginia red 



♦Governor Spotswoort, when he undertook the gfreat discovery of the Passage 
over the mountains, attended with a sufficient guard, and pioneers and gentle- 
men, with a sufficient stock of provision, with abundant fatigue passed these 
mountains, and cut his Majesty's name in a rock upon the highest of them, 
naming it Mount George; and in complaisance the gentlemen, from the Gov- 
ernor's name, called the mountain next in height. Mount Alexander. For this 
expedition they were obliged to provide a great quantity of horse shoes, (things 
seldom used in the lower parts of the country, where there are few stones;* 
upon which account the Governor, upon their return, presented each of his 
companions with a golden horseshoe, (some of which I have seen studded with 
valuable stones, resembling the heads of nails,) with this inscription on the one 
side: Sic juvat ttanscendere monies; and on the other is written the tramontane 
order. This he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture backwards, and 
make discoveries and new settlements; any gentleman being entitled to wear 
this Golden Shoe that can prove his having drunk his Majesty's health upon 
Mount George. Hugh Jones, 1724. 



The Knights of the Horseshoe hi 

wine and white wine, Irish usquebaugh, brandy shrub, 
two sorts of rum, champagne, canary, cherry punch, 
water, cider, etc. 

I sent two of the rangers to look for my gun, which I 
dropped in the mountains ; they found it, and brought 
it to me, and I gave them a pistole for their trouble. 
We called the highest mountain Mount George, and the 
one we crossed over Mount Spotswood. 

ph. At seven in the morning we mounted our horses, 
and parted with the rangers, who were to go farther on, 
and we returned homewards; we repassed the moun- 
tains, and at five in the afternoon we came to Hospital 
Camp, where we left our sick men, and heavy baggage, 
and we found all things well and safe. We encamped 
here, and called it Captain Clouder's Camp. 

8th. At nine we were all on horseback. We saw 
several bears and deer, and killed some wild turkeys. 
We encamped at the side of a run and called the place 
Mason's Camp. We had good forage for our horses, 
and we lay as usual. Made 20 miles this day. 

gth. We set out at nine of the clock, and before 
twelve we saw several bears, and killed three. One of 
them attacked one of our men that was riding after 
him, and narrowly missed him ; he tore his things that 
he had behind him from the horse, and would have 
destroyed him, had he not had immediate help from 
the other men and our dogs. Some of the dogs suf- 
fered severely in this engagement. At two we crossed 
one of the branches of the Rappahannoc River, and at 
five we encamped on the side of the Rapid Ann, on a 
tract of land that Mr. Beverley hath design to take up. 
We made, this day, 23 miles, and called this camp 
Captain Smith's Camp. We eat part of one of the 
bears, which tasted very well, and would be good, and 
might pass for veal, if one did not know what it was. 
We were very merry, and diverted ourselves with our 
adventures. 



112 History of Orange County 

loih. At eight we were on horseback, and about ten, 
as we were going up a small hill, Mr. Beverley and his 
horse fell down, and they both rolled to the bottom; 
but there were no bones broken on either side. At 
twelve, as we were crossing a run of water, Mr. Clouder 
fell in, so we called this place Clouder's Run. At one 
we arrived at a large spring, where we dined and drank 
a bowl of punch. We called this Fontaine's Spring. 
About two we got on horseback, and at four we reached 
Germanna. The Governor thanked the gentlemen for 
their assistance in the expedition. Mr. Mason left us 
here. I went at five to swim in the Rappahannoc 
River, and returned to the town. 

nth. After breakfast all our company left us except 
Dr. Robinson and Mr. Clouder. We walked all about 
the town, and the Governor settled his business with the 
Germans here, and accommodated the minister and the 
people, and then to bed. 

I2th. After breakfast went a fishing in the Rappa- 
hannoc and took seven fish, which we had for dinner; 
after which Mr. Robinson and I, we endeavoured to 
melt some ore in the smith's forge, but could get nothing 
out of it. Dr. Robinson's and Mr. Clouder's boys were 
taken violently ill with fever. Mr. Robinson and Mr. 
Clouder left us, and the boys remained behind. 

13th. About eight of the clock we mounted our 
horses, and went to the mine, where we took several 
pieces of ore ; and at nine we set out from the mine, our 
servants having gone before ; and about three we over- 
took them in the woods, and there the Governor and I 
dined. We mounted afterwards, and continued on our 
road. I killed a black snake about five feet long. We 
arrived at Mr. Woodford's, on Rappahannoc River, 
about six, and remained there all night. 

14th. At seven we sent our baggage and horses before 
us; and at ten we mounted our horses; we killed 
another snake, four feet nine inches long. At twelve we 



o 

W 

o 




The Knights of the Horeshoe 113 

came to the church ; where we met with Mr. Buckner, 
and remained till two, to settle some county business ; 
then we mounted our horses, and saw several wild tur- 
keys on the road ; and at seven we reached Mr. Bever- 
ley's house, which is upon the head of Mattapony 
River, where we were well entertained. My boy was 
taken with a violent fever, and very sick. 

15th. At seven my servant was somewhat better, and 
I sent him away with my horses, and about ten the 
Governor took his chaise, and I with him, and at twelve 
we came to a mill-dam, which we had great difficulty to 
get the chaise over. We got into it again, and continued 
on our way, and about five we arrived at Mr. Baylor's, 
where vO'e remained all night, 

i6th. My servant was so sick, that I was obliged to 
leave him, and the Governor's servants took care of my 
horses. At ten we sent the chaise over Mattapony 
River, and it being Sunday, we went to the church in 
King William County, where we heard a sermon from 
Mr. Monroe. 

After sermon we continued our journey until we 
came to Mr. West's plantation, where Colonel Bassett 
waited for the Governor with his pinnace, and ether 
boats for his ser\'ants. We arrived at his house by 
five of the clock, and were nobly entertained. 

I ph. At ten we left Colonel Bassett 's, and at three 
we arrived at Williamsburg, where we dined together, 
and I went to my lodgings, and to bed, being well tired, 
as well as my horses. 

I reckon that from Williamsburg to the Euphrates 
River is in all 219 miles, so that our journey, going and 
coming, has been in all 438 miles. 

[Note. The distance from Germanna to Elkton, the 
supposed point on the Sheanadoah reached by the 
expedition, is about sixty miles, following the roads of 
to-day.] 



CHAPTER Kill. 



Physical Features. 



Orange is in the Piedmont belt, about twenty-five to 
thirty miles from the foot of the Blue Ridge. The 
mean distance from Washington and Richmond is 
85 miles, from tidewater at Fredericksburg, 40 miles. 

The County is almost bisected by the South West 
Mountains, so called because their trend is northeast and 
southwest. They constitute the main water shed, 
though by reason of their man}^ convolutions there are 
variations. Generally speaking, the waters north- 
ward of the moimtains flow to the Rapidan, those 
southward to the North Anna; yet towards Gordons- 
ville, north of the mountains, some streams flow into 
the South Anna. At Gordonsville, Main street is a 
watershed, the waters on one side flowing into the 
North Anna, on the other into the South Anna. 

A few small streams northwest of Barboursville fall 
into the Rivanna, and thence into the James. With 
this exception the waters ultimately reach the Rappa- 
hannock and the York. The ver>' head spring of the 
York is on the Johnson farm, near the crest of the 
mountains where the Barboursville pike crosses. 

The principal streams are the Rapidan (formerly 
Rapid Anne, and so named by Governor Spotswood), 

114 



Physical Features 115 

the North Anna, the Pamunkey, the local name for the 
north fork of the North Anna, Blue Run, Mountain 
Run, Negro Run, and Wilderness Run. Black Walnut 
Run is a name identified with the earliest history of the 
County. 

The chief elevations are Clarke's Mountain, about 
eight miles east of the courthouse, where a signal sta- 
tion was maintained during the war, elevation above 
tide (according to United States Geological survey, 
from which all following elevations are taken), 1,100 
feet ; Quarles's Mountain, two miles east of courthouse, 
700 feet; Scott's Mountain, near Madison Run, 1,100 
feet; Merry's Moimtain, named for Prettyman Merry, 
prominent citizen during the Revolution, 1,200 feet; 
Watts's Motintain, in front of Frascati, 1,200 feet; 
Newman's Moimtain, near Montpelier, 800 feet ; and 
Hardwicke's Mountain, a few miles northeast of 
Barboursville, 900 feet. 

The elevation of Gordonsville, according to the pro- 
file of the Cheseapeake and Ohio Railroad, is 500 feet, 
which is 51 feet higher than Charlottesville. 

A vein of limestone, so narrow that it is called " the 
string, " runs through the County from Gordonsville to 
the Rapidan, following the Southern Railroad to Mad- 
ison Rtm where it diverges to the right, crossing Church 
Run at the Taylor farm, thence down through " Haw- 
field, " and on to the river. In former years much 
lime was burned, both for domestic and agricultural 
uses, but it was fotmd to be of little value in agricultiure. 



ii6 History of Orange County 

Professor William B. Rogers, in his "Geology of 
Virginia," gives the following analyses, the names of 
present owners being substituted: 

Limestone from Col. W. H. Chapman's farm (formerly Colby 
Cowherd's), one and one-half miles from Gordons ville. 

Carbonate of lime 79.20 

Carbonate of magnesia — trace 

Silica 19.60 

Limestone from Gibson's quarry (present owner unknown) south 
side of Rapidan River. 

Carbonate of lime 90 . 40 

Carbonate of magnesia 6.44 

Silica 2 . 00 

Limestone from Rawlings quarry — near old Zion Meeting house, 
two miles from Courthouse (present owner Bowers). 

Carbonate of lime 73-68 

Carbonate of magnesia 9 . 28 

Silica 15.60 

Limestone from Todd's quarry — near Madison Run (known as 
the marble quarry). 

Carbonate of lime 51-72 

Carbonate of magnesia 42.72 

Silica 3-28 

In each of these analyses small quantities of alumina 
and oxide of iron, and water, are noted ; too inconsid- 
erable to be enumerated here. 

Payne Todd, stepson of President Madison, wasted 
much money in an effort to develop a marble quarry, 
which still remains an object of interest, but has long 
been full of water and become a local" fishing hole."* 
Beautiful marble was obtained from it, but veined 
with a very hard quartz so destructive to tools that it 
was found to be impracticable to work it. Some 
handsome mantels, still extant, have been made from it. 

*In IS'^O the Legislature incorporated "The Montpelier Marble Company" to 
quary 'marble, porphyry agite, flgstoncs for paving and slate for roofing houses 
in the County of Orange." Toid was the only incorporator. Capital stock not 
less than $20,000, nor more than 5200 000. 



Physical Features 117 

In the Marsh Run neighborhood, and extending 
from a point near the Rapidan to the Greene comer on 
the Barboursville turnpike, is a range of hills known as 
the Blue Hills. Underneath these, at varying depths, 
is a stratum of plumbago or graphite. So far no mer- 
chantable quality has been obtained, but a company 
has been lately formed with a view of exploiting the 
mineral resources of these hills. 

On the divide between the mountain section and the 
grey land are to be found many fine quarries of a com- 
posite stone, mainly sandstone, finely adapted for 
building purposes. 

There are several mineral springs and wells in the 
County, and great medicinal virtues are locally attrib- 
uted to some of them. 

A noble spring on the old "Willis Grove" farm, the 
part owned by the late Philip B. Jones, Jr., now the 
property of Mr. Egbert Leigh, is perhaps the most 
notable. There is a tradition, which the writer knows 
to be approximately true, that two old ladies lived near 
this spring to the ages of 1 10 and 120 years, respectively, 
and that both enjoyed extraordinary health during all 
that time. 

There is a mineral well at Mugler's station ; a well- 
known chalybeate spring near the old turnpike near 
the Spotsylvania line ; and several driven wells at Gor- 
donsville are alleged to be strongly impregnated with 
lithia, "Mineral Hill" near Barboursville, long owned by 
Mr. James Barbour Newman, though not his residence, 
has long been celebrated for the virtues of a spring from 
which the place takes its name ; and there are " sulphur 
pumps" both at Gordonsville and the Courthouse. 



ii8 History of Orange County 

The general character of the water, however, outside 
of the narrow limestone belt, is pure freestone, and with 
rare exceptions of most excellent quality, though in the 
red land district many of the springs become tinged 
with the color of the soil in long wet spells. The num- 
ber of springs is something wonderful, and no county in 
the State is better watered, so that having to drive stock 
any distance to water is unheard of. 

There are large deposits of iron ore, which have been 
worked from time to time, and which were considered 
so valuable once that several miles of railroad were 
built to convey the ores to market . It was f oimd out that 
they contained too much phosphorus to compete with 
the better classes of ore, and the industry has been 
abandoned. These deposits lie mainly along the verge 
of the limestone belt. 

Also there are gold mines in the lower part of the 
Cotmty, the "Vaucluse" mine being, perhaps, the best 
known. 

Professor Rogers says : " In Spotsylvania and the 
adjacent counties. Orange, Louisa, Fluvanna and 
Buckingham, numerous veins of auriferous rocks have 
been wrought for some time, from many of which rich 
returns have been procured, and under improved modes 
of operation a still larger profit may be expected." 

He is the highest authority on the geology of Virginia, 
but as the improved methods of operating the mines 
have not yet been tried his forecast remains only a 
forecast. 

Mr. James Barbour Newman, who lived one mile 
east of Barboursville, and died, universally regretted at 
the great age of ninety-seven years, kept a very careful 



Physical Features 119 

record of the rainfall for many years. He published, 
in the Southern Planter and Farmer, November, 1879, 
the record from 1851 to 1878, both inclusive, a period 
of twenty-eight years. Estimating snow at nine for 
one of water the average yearly precipitation was 
39 4-7 inches. The maximum was 52 inches in 1861, 
the minimum 23 7-8 inches in 1872. It was 28 inches in 
1856, and only in these years and 1851 did it fall be- 
low 30 inches; only twice in the whole period did it 
exceed 50 inches, and in one of these by but an eighth 
of an inch. 

Captain William G, Crenshaw began a record of the 
rainfall at "Hawfield" in 1880, and it has been dili- 
gently and carefully continued since his death to this 
time. His son, Mr. S. Dabney Crenshaw has kindly 
fiimished the following data. 

ANNUAL RAIN FALL AT HAWFIELD, ORANGE COUNTY 

VIRGINIA. 
1880 to September 10, 1907 (inclusive). 

1880 inches 26.40 1894 inches 33.55 

1 88 1 inches 30.77 1895 inches 38.86 

1882 inches 42.60 1896 inches 40.44 

1883 inches 38 .72 1897 inches 47 . 56 

1884 inches 38.43 1898 inches 45.06 

1885 inches 33.00 1899 inches 37.37 

1886 inches 45-55 1900 inches 41 .68 

1887 inches 33.20 1901 inches 56.50 

1888 inches 49.06 1902 inches 60.99 

1889 inches 57.83 1903 inches 48.07 

1890 inches 37.84 1904 inches 37 .47 

1 89 1 inches 48.46 1905 inches 51 .43 

1892 inches 36.95 1906 inches 57.30 

1893 inches 40.82 tiQO? inches 33.81 
Average for 27 7-10 years 42 .93 inches. 

fTo September loth, 1907. 



I20 History of Orange County 

Mr. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," gives 47, 
038 inches as the average of the five years from 1772 to 
1777, in Albemarle. Grouping the five years in Mr. 
Newman's record between 1859 and 1863, very nearly 
the same average is found. 

According to a "Gazetteer of Virginia," prepared 
by the United States Geological Survey in 1904, the 
mean magnetic declination in 1900 was 3° 35', and the 
mean temperature 55° to 60° Fahrenheit. 

The elevation above the sea is from 300 to 1,200 feet ; 
area 349 square miles. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Social and Economic. 

In the early days, almost as a matter of necessity, 
the "simple life" was the rule for the rich and poor 
alike. 

There was little comfort in the modem sense, and no 
luxury. The houses were small and rude, few having 
glazed windows. All the lumber was sawn by hand, 
usually with a "pit saw": such nails as were used were 
wrought in the blacksmiths' shops, and almost every 
article of domestic use was made at home. 

There are several houses yet standing in the County 
built of pit-sawn lumber and with wrought nails. On 
nearly every plantation there were negro carpenters, 
smiths, shoemakers, brick masons, etc., and, generally 
speaking, all the implements of agriculture, which were 
few and rude, and all house furnishings, were homemade. 
There were few books and little light at night to read 
by; the local roads were mostly bridle paths, and, 
except on rare occasions, horseback was the only mode 
of travel. A "bridal tour" consisted in the bride's 
going to the groom's home on the same horse, " riding 
behind him." 

Visiting neighbors spent the day at least, and "calls" 
were unknown. The well-to-do got their clothes and 
wines and some furnishings from England, the poorer 

121 



t 

J 



122 History of Orange County 

people wore homespun. Indeed almost down to the 
war, homespun and homemade garments were not 
uncommon, whether woolen, hempen or cotton. The 
negro women were taught to card, spin and weave, and 
to cut and make the clothes of the children and serv- 
ants. The ladies had their imported silks and linens, 
not many of a kind, which lasted a long time and were 
handed down to their daughters. The planters wore 
broadcloth on public occasions, with short breeches, 
silk stockings and knee buckles. Pewter was far com- 
moner than silver or china ware. The return on an 
execution in 1737 shows "a gun and sword, an old 
chafing dish, a servant woman, a pewter salt, a pewter 
dram cup, and a piece of a looking glass. " 

When the tobacco was hauled to Fredericksburg to 
market, the return load was usually family supplies, 
and often oysters in the shell, which, piled in the cellar 
and sprinkled occasionally with salt water, appear to 
have "kept" a long time. 

Ordinaries, where " entertainment for man and beast" 
was provided, were very common, and the gentry were 
usually the proprietors. 

The scale of prices was rigorously regulated by the 
county court every year. Thus, in 1735, this order is 
entered : 

"The Court doth set and rate liquors; Rum, the gallon, eight 
shillings; Virginia brandy, six shillings; Ptuich, or Flipp, the 
quart, with white sugar, one and three pence, with brown sugar, 
one shilling; French brandy, sixteen shillings; Piinch of same, 
two and six pence; Frill or Madeira wine, quart, two shillings; a hot 
dyet (diet) one shilling; a cold dyet, six pence; a lodging with 
clean sheets (always thus in the ratings) six pence;" and so on for 



Social and Economic 123 

oats, pasturages, etc. "Ordered that the several ordinary keepers in 
this coirnty sell and retail liquors at the above rates, and that they 
presume not to sell at any other rates, and that if any person do 
not pay immediately that he pay for the same at the Fall in tobacco 
at ten shillings the hundred weight." 

These ratings during the Revolution constitute a fine 
historical setting for later experience in Confederate 
times, as a gill of brandy or rum, two pounds two shil- 
lings; of whiskey one pound four shillings; a hot din- 
ner, three pounds, six; a cold dinner, or second table, 
three pounds. The cost of a small drink of whiskey 
was thus about $3 . 50, a price it never attained in the 
Confederacy. 

So in October, 1778, Joseph Woolf oik's executors were 
bonded in ;^io,ooo; in 1779 Reuben Daniel's executors 
in ;^3o,ooo ; and a negro, condemned to be hung, was 
valued at $3,333. 

They looked after the morals of the people more 
closely then than now. The church wardens kept an 
eye on sinners, bound out orphans and the children of 
parents who did not take care of them, kept down 
immoral conduct as well as they could, and appear to 
have been an excellent sort of local inquisitors. In 
1742 the court orders the church wardens to bind out 
Dodson's children, "he taking no care of their educa- 
tion, nor to bring them up in Christian principles, " one 
of many like instances. In 1 743 Pat Leonard is ordered 
to the stocks "for calling the sheriff a liar." Next 
year three men were presented by the grand jury for 
Sabbath breaking and riotously entering the German 
chapel and disturbing the congregation assembled for 



124 History of Orange County 

the worship of God, and putting the people in fear of 
life and limb. They were fined 200 pounds of tobacco 
and imprisoned one hour. 

For being a vagabond and cheating at cards Jacob 
Saunders was ordered to receive 25 lashes at the com- 
mon whipping post, and John O'Neill was committed 
to jail and requred to give security for good behavior 
for speaking traitorously of King George and Gov- 
ernor Gooch. 

Presentments for swearing oaths and for not attend- 
ing church were very common, and there were also pre- 
sentments for not "raising corn according to law, " and 
for "setting stops in the rivers," In 1741 Jonathan 
Gibson, clerk of the Court, and others were fined ten 
shillings each for not attending church for two months. 

As late as 1803 sundry people, including some of the 
most conspicuous of the gentry, were before court for 
unlawful gaming. They were Zachary Hemdon, Paul 
Verdier, Thomas Bell, James Madison, John Burnley, 
Willis White, Edmund Terrell, William Hamilton, 
John Pollock, William Terrell, Reuben Hamilton, 
George Hughes, Charles Bell,"" Thomas Barbour, Jr., 
William Madison, Jr., Thomas Davison, and Abner 
Newman. All were presented, and the presentments 
appear to have been dismissed. 

Yet it is well in the memory of many people now 
living when gaming was more usual than otherwise at 
Orange, and that it was a regular habit for a "faro" 
outfit to be brought over from Culpeper every court- 
day, to remain as long as there was inducement. 



Social and Economic 125 

So it is related, in the palmy days of the Orange 
Springs, known at first as the " Healing Springs, " where 
James Coleman was licensed to keep a tavern as early as 
1794, while it was yet a place of public resort, that gen- 
tlemen used to indulge in a quiet game there, as was 
also the case at several private residences in the County ; 
and no great harm done. Happily times have changed 
greatly in this respect, and gaming for stakes appears 
to be a thing of the past. 

Militia musters, both company and regimental, con- 
stituted a distinctly social feature down to the war. 
The companies had their convenient places of assem- 
bly for drill, and the contrast between the flamboyant 
and gorgeous uniforms of the officers and the homespun 
drab of the privates was very striking. The officers 
would be assembled for "training" for several days at 
a time prior to each annual "General Muster," and 
when that great occasion came the people flocked to see 
it as they now do to a circus. The appearance of the 
field and staff moimted on prancing steeds was a tri- 
umphal pageant, and when Allan Long and Peter Gilbert 
struck up "The Girl I left behind me" on fife and 
drum, the martial spirit became intense, and the 
maneuvres much involved. The new element in our 
citizenship, as one of the results of the war, has elimi- 
nated "musters" for all time, but they were great while 
they lasted. 

It was a good old fashion, too, long continued and 
much enjoyed, to give neighborhood dances to the 
young people. There were simple music, ample refresh- 
ments, pretty but inexpensive apparel, and happy 



126 History of Orange County 

people, young and old. It was part of the celebration 
of Christmas week to have these "parties," though by no 
means confined to that week. The young people 
attended them not to display gowns, or the lack of 
them, but to enjoy themselves in honest, simple, and 
innocent pleasures, which they did to the full. The 
poorer people, too, had their pleasant social amuse- 
ments "during the consulship of Plancus." 

Those were the years when the men who afterwards 
composed the Army of Northern Virginia were reared, 
and when their mothers and sisters were the women of 
Orange, such years and such pleasures as their posterity 
can never enjoy — Arcadian days when people met 
for pleasure not for display. Hcbc olim meminisse 
juvabit! 

They were continued for some years after the war, 
but that violent shock to social and domestic conditions 
put an end to them, and they remain only as pleasing 
and pathetic memories. 

Educational facilities were few and simple, but such 
education as there was appears to have been practical 
and thorough as far as it went. It was the day of " Old- 
Field Schools," when a neighborhood, or the leading 
men of it, would employ a teacher for their children, 
build a log schoolhouse at some convenient point, and 
throw the doors open to all comers ; to boys and girls, 
the rich and poor alike. The overseers' sons would be 
at the same desk, when desks were to be had, and in the 
same classes with the planters' sons ; and ordinarily " the 
three R's" would constitute the curriculum, though 
Latin was taught to all who wished to learn it. The 



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Social and Economic 127 

birch and the ferule were generously administered, and 
the pedagogue of "The Deserted Village" appears often 
in the annals of the schools in colonial days. The rich 
had private tutors occasionally for their sons and 
daughters, and French, and music on the spinnet, were 
taught. 

There was certainly a fragmentary spinnet in the 
County some years after the war, a sort of primitive 
piano. 

James Waddel, the blind preacher, taught school 
at his home near Gordonsville, and Meriwether Lewis, 
of the Lewis and Clark expedition, and Gov. James Bar- 
bour went to school to him there. 

Walker Maury, a very noted teacher of his day, had 
a school at or near Burlington, the home of Mr. James 
Barbour Newman, near B arbours ville. The famous 
statesman, John Randolph, of Roanoke, was one of his 
pupils. The house in which he lodged still stands in 
the yard. Mr. Maury died in charge of the celebrated 
grammar school at Norfolk in 1786. His son, Leonard 
Hill Maury, taught a classical school at "Halla Farm," 
now owned by Mr. R. L. Coleman, near Somerset, 
early in the last century. 

One of Randolph's eccentricities was developed there. 
His delicate sensibilities were disturbed by noises from 
contiguous rooms, and he daubed his own with mud 
mortar to exclude the sound as much as possible. Mr. 
Newman long preser\^ed a fragment of this as a me- 
mento of Randolph. 

The girls were not highly educated, in the modem 
sense, in those days, and the boys, with rare exceptions, 
finished their education at the neighborhood schools. 
But they developed into splendid women and fine men 



128 History of Orange County 

whose superiors have not appeared under the modem 
system. Sessions lasted ten months, and the school 
hours were from eight to four or later. There were not 
many text-books, no "hygiene," no athletics nor peri- 
patetic "teams," but there was honest and thorough 
teaching, and a splendid citizenship, and illustrious 
citizens, as a result. But aspirations were different 
then, and it ought never to be lost to memory that 
"frugality" was a household word among the states- 
men of the earlier generations, and considered so funda- 
mental a principle of free government as to be inscribed 
in the organic law of every state of the Union. 

The first mention of a local newspaper is in an order 
dated in 1830 directing an order of pubHcation in "The 
Reporter" pubHshed at the Courthouse. 

A single copy of "The Orange Express," Volume I, 
number 13, has been lent by Mr. A. J. Stofer, a veteran 
editor in Orange. It is dated at the courthouse, 
August 19, 1 83 1, "By William R. Robinson," a brother 
of the respected merchant, Thomas A. Robinson, who 
so long sold honest goods on the comor opposite the 
present bank of Orange. The motto of the paper was 
' 'in civitate libera linguam mentenique liberas esse debere, 
in a free State speech and thought ought to be free. In 
an advertisement notice is given of a petition to be pre- 
sented to the next General Assembly for the division 
of the County "by a hne running nearly north and 
south from some point on the Albemarle line near Bar- 
boursville or Cavesville, across the County to the Mad- 
ison line, between WiUis's Mill and Cave's Mill," which 
came to naught. 



Social and Economic 129 

When this paper was discontinued is not known, but 
the next in order was " The Southern Chronicle, " estab- 
lished by Payne and Stofer in 1857, which died during 
the war. In 1867 Mr. Stofer established the "Orange 
Expositor, " which in the fall of that year was changed 
to "The Native Virginian," and published at Orange 
till 1869, and then at Gordonsville by Dr. George W, 
Bagby (Mozis Addums) and Mr. Stofer. This in turn, 
after a brief career, was bought by Stofer and carried 
back to Orange, the name being changed to " The Pied- 
mont Virginian" as at this day. 

In September, 1873, "The Gordonsville Gazette" 
was launched by W. W. Scott and George W. Graham, 
and conducted by them till 1877, when they sold it. 
After many vicissitudes of fortune and as many pro- 
prietors, it has been lately bought by Mr. Bibb, the 
present editor. Mr. B. Johnson Barbour and Dr. 
James C. Hiden were frequent contributors to its col- 
umns while Mr. Scott was its editor. 

A denominational paper, of the "Disciples," was 
published a short time at Gordonsville shortly before 
the "boom," and during the boom, Mr. Albert Sidney 
Johnston established a paper there which died with it. 

The "Orange Observer" was founded in 1882 by Mr. 
Robinson, father of the present owners. 

Looking now to economic and industrial features, 
the records disclose many things which appear strange 
to this generation. 

The first County levy was not quite twenty-five 
thousand poimds of tobacco for all the public expenses. 
More than one thousand was paid out in bounties for 



130 History of Orange County 

wolves' heads, one hundred and forty for an old, 
seventy pounds for a young wolf's head. Eighty odd 
wolves were killed that year, and killing them continued 
to be an industry for a long time, though rapidly 
diminishing. In 1764 the number had decreased to 
three old and six young heads, and in 181 5 there is an 
entry of $2 paid for one wolf's scalp, probably the last 
reward paid. 

Attention was quickly given to roads and ferries. 
An early order is that " the sheriff give notice at every 
church in the County that the ferry at Germanna is to 
be let to the lowest bidder, he to be bonded for duly 
keeping the same." 

In 1737 a ferry was established at old Raccoon Ford, 
William Payne, ferryman, to be kept open on court 
days and the day after, the minister and sheriff to be 
set over for 400 hundred pounds of tobacco. 

In 1742 a committee was appointed to take subscrip- 
tions for a bridge at Germanna, and agree with work- 
men to build it: if subscription insufficient, balance to 
be levied by the County not to exceed 3 ,000 pounds of 
tobacco. In 1765 Orange and Louisa jointly built 
Brock's Bridge over the North Anna. 

The first pretentious "public improvement" of the 
highway was by "The Swift Rim Turnpike Company, " 
and the road is, or was, the "old turnpike" from the 
courthouse to Fredericksburg, but projected to go to 
Swift Run. It was incorporated January, 18 10, and in 
1 81 6 work was begun on it in Orange. In 1834 the 
Company "failing to realize 8 per cent, on its capital 
stock," asked permission of the Court to increase its 
tolls; which was refused. 



Social and Economic 131 

It seems almost incredible that tolls were ever paid on 
such a road; incredible, indeed, that such a road was 
ever built, if portions of it did not remain as a wonderful 
exhibit of the engineering and macadamizing of that 
period. 

In 1840 condemnations began for the " Louisa Road, " 
now the Chesapeake and Ohio. This road started at 
Doswell and ended at Louisa. Later it was projected 
to Gordonsville which was the western terminus for 
several years. The first survey for its extension was 
through Swift Run Gap to Harrisonburg, but Albe- 
marle and Augusta legislators got it diverted to Staun- 
ton, thereby losing the bulk of the great Valley trade to 
Richmond and the State. Early in the fifties the 
Valley clamored for good highways to a railroad, and 
turnpikes were constructed across the Blue Ridge to 
Gordonsville, one from Harrisonburg, the other from 
New Market. These were toll roads, and of great use to 
the army during the war. Soon after the war they were 
taken over by the County as "abandoned turnpikes," 
but are continued as public highways. 

Fredericksburg smarted imder the diversion of her 
former trade to Richmond, and the Narrow Gauge rail- 
road, and the plank road were soon projected, and the 
latter completed about 1856, a splendid highway at 
first but soon wearing out. The Narrow Gauge was not 
completed until about 1875, and until carried further 
into the interior can never become of great commercial 
importance. 

The Orange and Alexandria, now the Southern, hav- 
ing its terminus first at Gordonsville was completed 



132 History of Orange County 

about 1855. Soon after the Charlottesville and Rap- 
idan railroad was built the Chesapeake and Ohio took 
a ninety-nine year lease of the nine miles between Gor- 
donsville and the courthouse. In the aggregate there 
are 50 miles of railroad in the County, operated as fol- 
lows: by the Southern, 19 miles; Chesapeake and Ohio, 
10-^; by the Potomac, Fredericksburg and Piedmont 
(Narrow Gauge), 19 miles. 

The chief agricultural products are the cereals, hay , 
and apples. Little tobacco is now raised, but down to 
the war tobacco houses dotted every plantation, and 
it was a staple crop. 

Fat cattle, lambs for the early market, and fine 
horses constitute leading industries, and dairy farming 
is carried on very successfully. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Crimes and Punishments. 

There are some notable instances of crimes, and 
particularly of pimishments, in the earlier records; 
punishments that in these days would be called bar- 
barous, but which were the identical punishments for 
the particular crimes prescribed by the laws of Eng- 
land, then the laws of the colony. A crime by a serv- 
ant against his master, by a wife against her husband, 
if sufficiently grave, was "petty treason," as in the 
cases of Peter and Eve hereafter narrated. 

Hog stealing seems to have been so persisted in that 
special penalties were denounced upon it, imtil finally 
a second conviction was punishable by death ; and hogs, 
then as now, had a special fascination for the negroes. 

It is to be observed, too, that the "unspeakable 
crime," though of rarer occurrence in those days than 
now, was by no means unheard of as has been asserted. 

The tradition that Negro Run, formerly Negro-head 
Run, was so called because the head of a negro who had 
been drawn and quartered for crime had been set up 
near it, is not sustained by the records of Orange; if 
true, the incident must have occurred before the Coimty 
was formed, but there really seems no substantial basis 
for it. 

133 



134 History of Orange County 

The cases that follow are taken from the order books 
where they still may be read at large by the curious. 
It must be borne in mind that in those days the 
County Courts were often constituted " Courts of Oyer 
and Terminer," that is, to hear and make final deter- 
mination. 

At a Court of Oyer and Terminer held June, 1737, 
present Goodrich Lightfoot, Robert Slaughter, Robert 
Green, John Finlason, Francis Slaughter and William 
Russell, gentlemen justices. 

Peter, a negro slave of John Riddle, deceased, being 
indicted for feloniously murthering his said master upon 
arraignment plead guilty. On consideration whereof 
the Court are of opinion that the said Peter is guilty of 
the said felony; therefore it is considered by the 
Court that the said Peter be hanged by the neck till he 
be dead. Memorandum. The said Peter was exe- 
cuted accordingly and it is ordered that the sheriff cut 
off his head and put it on a pole near the courthouse to 
deter others from doing the like. 

At October term following, Zachary Lewis, King's 
attorney, informed the Court that at the houses of 
Lewis Stilfy and John Smith several persons, the 
famous Benjamin Borden, a justice of the peace, being 
one of them, do keep unlawful and tumultuous meet- 
ings tending to rebellion. ^ 

In November, 1740, Zacharias Bell being enlisted 
into his Majesty's service as a soldier to serve against 
the Spaniards and having deserted, it is ordered that 
the sheriff, immediately after the adjourning of this 



Crimes and Punishments 135 

court, do sell the said Bell to the highest bidder as a 
servant for the space of five years, and apply the money 
according to law. 

Thomas Kennerley ordered ten lashes for stealing a 
handkerchief, and Alexander Sweeney committed to 
general court for coining, counterfeiting and debasing 
the Spanish current coin, John Cranch prays to 
receive corporeal punishment instead of being sent on to 
the grand jury; which is administered. Frank, a 
negro slave hanged for breaking open a store and 
stealing goods of the value $10, and Cuffy, an accessory 
to the crime, prayed benefit of clergy and was ordered 
to be burnt in the hand and receive 39 lashes. 

The following, however, is the most sensational item 
in all the records; the burning at the stake of Eve, a 
negro woman slave of Peter Montague, for poisoning her 
master, administering the same in milk served on the 
table. The indictment in this case, spread out in full 
on the order book, is a literary curiosity. 

She was tried Thursday, January 23, 1745, and found 
guilty; "Therefore it is considered by the Court that 
the said Eve be drawn upon a hurdle to the place of 
execution and there to be burnt, " which sentence was 
executed on the following Wednesday. 

A hurdle was a sort of sledge used for hauling traitors 
to execution. 

Mr. Charles S. Waugh, a venerable and highly 
respected citizen of Orange, remembers that his grand- 
father pointed out to him the Httle knoll near the old 
courthouse about Somerville's Ford where Eve was 
burnt. A hole was drilled in a rock and the stake 



136 History of Orange County 

inserted. Ploughing this knoll some years ago Mr. 
Waugh's ploughshare slid over a rock and, recalling 
the narrative, he carefully scraped off the earth with his 
knife, and found the round hole drilled in it. There 
can be little doubt that this was the identical rock to 
which she was chained. 

June, 1753, "On the motion of Daniel McClayland 
who in a fight lately had a piece of his left ear bit off, it 
is by the Court ordered to be recorded." 

This is an unique order. It will be seen later that 
cropping ears was a punishment for crime, which 
stigma Daniel probably sought to avoid by this record. 

In September, 1767, Tom, a negro belonging to John 
Baylor, under two indictments for burglary and felony, 
not guilty of the first, guilty of the second, and having 
already received the benefit of clergy, the Court do 
adjudge that he suffer death. His crime was felon- 
iously breaking the house of Erasmus Taylor, Gent., and 
stealing goods of the value of 25 cents! Stealing and 
such modern trifles "came high" in those days, and 
James Madison, Sr., was the president justice. 

July, 1768. Cornelius and Ann Cornelia, vagrants, 
the said Ann " profainly swearing four oaths before the 
Court and failing to pay the fine: "ten lashes at the 
whipping post, they promising to leave the County 
immediately. 

In 1776 Hampshire, a slave of Charles Porter, for 
notoriously running away and lying out so his master 
could not reclaim him; "ordered that the sheriff take 
him to the pillory and nail his ears to the same, and 
there to stand half an hour and then to have his right 
ear cut off." 



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Crimes and Punishments 137 

In 1782 appears the first record of the unspeakable 
crime, when Gary, a negro slave of William Vawter, is 
hanged for rape. 

In 1794, Caleb, a slave, found guilty of hog stealing; 
" Ordered that the sheriff take him to the pillory and 
nail one ear thereto, and in one hour thereafter to cut it 
loose from the nail, then to nail the other ear and in 
another hour's time to cut that loose from the nail, this 
being the second offense." 

In 1799, a negro from Culpeper hanged for ravishing 
a married white woman of Orange Coimty. 

In 1 80 1, "it appearing that George Morris has been 
and is still guilty of a flagrant contempt in confining 
the body of his wife Susannah, ordered that he be 
attached and kept in custody until he permit her to be 
entirely at liberty; Robert T. Moore and Dabney 
Minor dissenting. " 

In 1818, 1821 and 1823 negroes were hanged for rape, 
and in 1839 a negro "only seventeen years old" con- 
demned to death for ravishing a white woman is unan- 
imously recommended for executive clemency, or else to 
transportation, "in consideration of his youth." 
There's a falling away. 

But probably the most unique of all the punish- 
ments was that prescribed for habitual absence from 
church; 50 pounds of tobacco or its equivalent in cash, 
and in default of payment, "ten lashes on the bare 
back." This was the law for some forty years, 1680- 
1720. There is no record of the lash for this offense in 
Orange, but many of the fine. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



The Orange Humane Society. 

In 1749 William Monroe proved his importation into 
this colony from Great Britain. This was a formal 
proceeding before court in order to obtain what was 
called a "head right, " that is, the right to take up 50 
acres of land, a sort of bounty and inducement to 
immigrants. 

We hear no more of him till his will is proved in 1 769, 
and that will constitutes no inconsiderable item in the 
history of the County. By its terms his whole estate, 
after the death of his wife, was devoted to the cause of 
education. The estate was to be sold by his executors 
to the highest bidders, and the money invested ; " the 
principal to be kept intact and the interest arising from 
the same to be disposed of towards schooling such poor 
children as my executors shall think most in want." 

The land was sold accordingly, and the proceeds 
invested, and the interest re-invested from year to 
year ; but the executors, fearing that the will was void 
for \incertainty, failed to make any application of the 
interest to the purposes of education. There is little 
doubt that the will was void, but as Monroe left no 
heirs in this country, certainly none that appeared to 
claim as such, and so the estate would legally have been 

138 



The Orange Humane Society 139 

escheated by the Commonwealth, it was determined to 
invoke the action of the Legislature to the end that the 
intent of the testator might be carried into effect. 

In January, 181 1, The Orange Humane Society was 
incorporated by the Legislature, and the County Court 
was authorized and required at the ensuing March 
term, and every four years thereafter, to elect twelve 
trustees in whom should be vested the proceeds of the 
sale of the glebe lands of the church and of this fund, 
known as " the Monroe Fund ; " to be by them managed 
in such manner as they deemed best and most condu- 
cive to promote the object of the Act, and be exclu- 
sively appropriated to the poor children, inhabitants of 
Orange, provided that they should only apply the 
interest arising from the said funds. 

At "the ensuing March term" the Court elected the 
trustees; Isaac Davis, James Burton, Francis Cow- 
herd, James Barbour, Philip Pendleton Barbour, For- 
tunatus Winslow, Robert Taylor, Catlett Conway, 
John Gibson, George Grasty, Thomas Coleman, and 
Thomas Woolfolk. The mere names of these trustees 
constitute a sufficient indication of the importance of 
the trust confided to them. 

At that time, under the terms of the statute creating 
the "General Literary Fund of Virginia, " of which Gov- 
ernor Barbour of Orange was the protagonist, there was a 
Board of School Commissioners in each county charged 
with the disbursement of the proceeds of that fund in 
the education of poor children. Just ten years after the 
Humane Society was organized, James Barbour, its 
president, having made his annual report in conformity 



I40 History of Orange County 

with the order of the Court, and having requested their 
opinion as to consolidating the fund set apart for the 
education of the poor children and that under the con- 
trol of the Society, the Court coincided with him as to 
the propriety of the measure, and recommended the 
delegates of the County to use their best endeavors to 
obtain the passage of a law to that effect. Diligent 
search has failed to find that such a law was enacted, 
and it was likely found that it was unnecessary, for 
from that time on when the Court appointed a trustee 
of the Society it at the same time appointed him a 
School Commissioner; so that the trustees and com- 
missioners were one and the same. As late as 1838, 
the Court, "appointing directors or commissioners for 
the distribution of the public funds for the education of 
the destitute, decree that the funds of the Humane 
Society be exclusively appropriated to the education of 
the destitute children of the County." 

It appears that the fund, at one time, amounted to 
more than $30,000, for when Greene was formed in 
1838, her share was agreed to be one-third, or $10,300. 
It was carefully managed, and many poor children 
were educated, the interest only being used. Forty- 
three hundred dollars was in bank stock, the balance 
represented by bonds of citizens of the County secured 
on real estate. Thus matters went on until the war, 
during which the principal of some of the bonds was 
paid and reinvested in Confederate bonds. When the 
war ended these bonds and the bank stock were worth- 
less, and the trustees appear to have lost interest in the 
Society. 



The Orange Humane Society 141 

A balance of about $4,000 was still due to Greene, 
with interest accumulations, and litigation over it 
ended in a consent decree of October, 1873, in favor of 
Greene for $5,000, with interest from date. The 
County school board brought suit, in 1874, for the fund 
still in the control of the Society, claiming under the 
Act of 1872 establishing the public school system, and 
failing in this suit, resort was had to special legislation 
in 1876 whereby the original charter of 181 1 was 
repealed and the school board authorized to take pos- 
session of the assets. Litigation now became fast and 
acrimonious. Suit was brought to compel the paying 
again of a bond paid off in Confederate money, and was 
successful in the lower court. The decree was reversed, 
however, on appeal, and in Wambersie v. the Orange 
Humane Society, 84 Va., it was held that the 
Society which had been rejuvenated in 1880 by the 
appointment of new trustees by William R. Taliaferro, 
then judge of the County Court, had no legal existence 
by reason of the repeal of the charter in 1876. Mean- 
time the costs had been enormous, and, what with the 
losses and the expenses of litigation, there was not 
much left of this noble charity for the school board to 
administer. How much came into their hands the 
records do not disclose ; indeed it is said that the records 
of the school board that first came into possession of the 
fund have been lost! 

It is known that the High School building at the 
courthouse was paid for, in part or in whole, out of the 
fund. The visible, available assets, in personal bonds 
of individuals, amount to less than three thousand 



142 History of Orange County 

dollars. It is understood that the school board will soon 
assume actual and active control of this remnant, and 
administer it, in their wisdom, in the interest of educa- 
tion. 

Information derived from a prominent citizen of 
Greene is to the effect that her portion of the fund con- 
stitutes a real factor in the public school system. Her 
portion was one-third of the whole. 

A letter written by Gov. James Barbour, in February, 
1839, to Hon. John S. Pendleton, then a member of the 
House of Delegates from Culpeper, protesting against 
the claim of Greene County for a division of the fund, is 
filed with the Orange petitions in the State Library, and 
the following extracts are taken from it. As he was so 
long president of the Society, and took such a warm 
interest in its management, this letter, written but a 
few years before his death, has all the force of an official 
utterance. 

We commenced with a capital of some $13,000; we have educa- 
ted over a thousand children, and have increased the capital to 
about $30,000, retaining and converting the interest in part into 
principal, and thus looking to the probable demand we have the 
means that will correspond with the progress of the Society. * * * 
Not a farthing has been lost. At my instance the Court of Orange 
have, by appointing the same persons directors of the Humane 
Society also commissioners of the School Fund, united both these 
benevolent funds. (Proceeds of sale of the glebe lands, etc.) 

My hope and purpose have been to create a fund by the aid of the 
charitable equal to the establishment of a manvial labor school, 
where the indigent might be so instructed as to become useful 
citizens, and especially where teachers might be reared — a good 
supply of which to operate through the State in an object of great 
importance. 



Crimes and Punishments 143 

In this letter is to be found the first appeal in Virginia, 
so much heard in recent years, for industrial and nor- 
mal schools which, at last, are becoming parts of our 
educational system. 

It seems the irony of fate that this fund, earned in the 
sweat of his face by a man imported here as an inden- 
tured servant who could neither read nor write, and by 
him dedicated to the education of children as indigent 
as he had been, should have so dwindled that there is 
hardly a benefictary of it in the County to-day; and 
that probably there is not a score of people now living 
who ever heard of William Monroe, the philanthropist, 
whose obscure grave in Greene County lies in flagrant 
neglect. 

For the benefit of the Boards of Supervisors of the 
two counties, the recipients of his bounty, and espec- 
ially of their county school boards, it is here stated 
with confidence that his grave is on the Chapman farm, 
"on a hill overlooking the river;" that Colonel Brad- 
ford of Orange can still point it out, if, as in duty botmd, 
they wish to mark the spot, and so commemorate the 
first philanthropist of this section of the State. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



From 1848 to 1861. 

In preceding chapters there have been no head- 
line dates, because a system of grouping facts has been 
followed, not a narration of them in regular sequence. 

The War of 181 2, for instance, and the Mexican War, 
have not even been mentioned, for the reason that 
the Coimty records disclose nothing of interest about 
either. Indeed neither the County nor any of its 
citizens, with a few exceptions, bore any conspicuous 
part in either of these wars, and the meagre facts that 
can be collected about the War of 181 2 (for there seem 
to be none about the War with Mexico) will be narrated 
in an appendix. 

In 1848 the War with Mexico has just been ended in 
triumph, and one of its chief heroes. Gen. Zachary 
Taylor, a son of the County, elected President of the 
United States. 

Everything appears to be serene and matter-of-fact 
at this period. The industrial and public improve- 
ment age has begtin. In 1850 a vote of the freeholders 
is ordered on the question of a subscription of $10,000, 
to the projected Fredericksburg and Valley Plank 
Road, which was carried by a handsome majority. 
It was a great road while it lasted, and Gen. William 

144 



tr 

^9 



t?3 



OtQ 
0) 




From 1848 to 1861 145 

Mahone, if for no other reason, ought to be remembered 
with gratitude for his fine engineering work on this 
highway. Yet as early as 1859 the directorate turned 
over the roadbed to the County, "on condition that 
it shall be kept open as a public highway." The court 
accepted it on those terms, but the condition has not 
been faithfully fulfilled. 

In 185 1 a section of the Blue Ridge Turnpike was 
opened to travel, and a right of way across the public 
lot was granted to the Orange and Alexandria Rail- 
road Company (now the Southern) on condition that 
it keep the public buildings insured against fire. 

The public buildings were removed higher up the 
street some years later, but, though still enjoying the 
right of way, the company does not keep up the insur- 
ance. 

At this period was held the great "Reform Conven- 
tion" to revise the State Constitution, framed by the 
world-famous Convention of 1829-30, which was utterly 
cast aside, except that George Mason's Bill of Rights 
was retained almost word for word. White male 
suffrage became universal, and every office from 
constable to judge of the supreme court of appeals, 
was made elective by the people. Dire things were 
prophesied of it by the traditionally conservative, but 
so long as it lasted, practically only to the outbreak 
of the war, it gave great satisfaction, and the judges 
elected under its provisions conformed to the highest 
judicial standards of former and subsequent periods. 

The whole State became a storm centre of politics 
about this time, and the "Know Nothing Party" was 



146 History of Orange County 

launched. It received its definite quietus in 1855, when 
Henry A. Wise, its leading antagonist, was elected 
governor. 

In 1850 a ten-mile section of the Rockingham Turn- 
pike was opened to travel, and since its completion 
no macadamized or other improved public highway 
has been built in the County, except the short reaches 
at the County seat. 

In 1857 the present courthouse was ordered, with 
permission to the Masons to add a third story for use 
as a lodge, they to pay one third of the insurance on 
the building. The Masons did not accept. The court 
held its first session in the new building in July, 1859. 

In 1859 occured the invasion of the State, and the 
attempt to incite the negroes to armed insurrection, 
known as the "John Brown Raid." It occasioned 
wild excitement, and a good deal of local apprehen- 
sion, and was, indeed, the alanmi gun of the war that 
so soon followed. 

The "Montpelier Guards," a fine volunteer company 
at and about Orange Courthouse, commanded by 
Capt. Lewis B. Williams, Jr., was promptly ordered 
to repair to Charlestown, where they remained till 
Brown and such of his accomplices as had been caught 
were hanged. 

A roster of the company, as then constituted, believed 
to be complete, is printed in an appendix. 

One of the immediate results of this raid was the 
organization and equipment of many volunteer com- 
panies throughout the State. Two, the "Gordons- 
ville Greys," Capt. William C. Scott, and the "Bar- 



From 1848 to 1861 147 

boursville Guard," Capt. W. S. Parran, were organized 
in Orange, received arms and equipments, were imi- 
formed, and began regular drills in preparation for 
the direful conflict which everybody felt was coming, 
indeed was almost come. 

And here, it may be said, ends the history of the 
Orange of the old regime — a regime which all who can 
recall it will delight to cherish in their memories, and 
the like of which no one may hope to look upon again. 

But relentless time goes on, and with it the history 
of the people that made noble sacrifice, suffered and 
endured; and who, like the brave yeomen of their 
motherland, never lost "the mettle of their pastures!" 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



The War Period. 

It is not within the scope of this book to treat of the 
war period, except in the most cursory way, narrating 
briefly what relates particularly to the County, and 
more shall not be attempted; but a resume of local 
happenings ought to be recorded, with such impar- 
tiality as a participant in the struggle may command. 

In the presidential election of i860 the vote in 
Orange was as follows: for Bell and Everett, the pro- 
nounced Union ticket, 427; for Breckenridge and 
Lane, the States Rights ticket, 475; for Douglas and 
Johnson, also a pronoimced Union ticket, 12; for 
Lincoln and Hamlin, o. Thus in a total vote of 914, 
there was only a States Rights majority of 48, and ad- 
ding the Douglas vote to Bell's, a majority of only 36; 
so it will be seen that love for the "Union" was still 
strong in the Coimty. 

After the election of Lincoln, which was followed 
so soon by the secession of South Carolina and other 
Southern States, the Secessionists of the County grew 
bolder and more aggressive, and when the State con- 
vention was called to determine the course of Virginia, 
party feeling became very tense. Rosettes of blue 
ribbon, called "cockades," appeared everywhere, even 

148 



The War Period 149 

at the churches. Men, boys, and even girls, wore them. 
The Unionists were less demonstrative, but no less 
resolute. Candidates to represent the Coimty in the 
convention were numerous and eager. Col. John 
Willis, Major John H. Lee, Hon. Jeremiah Morton, 
and perhaps others, aspired to represent the Seces- 
sionists, The contest finally narrowed to Mr. Morton, 
on that side, and Mr. Lewis B. Williams, the elder, 
who had then been the attorney for the commonwealth 
for thirty years, for the Unionists. The exact figures 
are imattainable, but Mr. Morton was elected by a 
good majoirty. 

The convention assembled at Richmond in February, 
1 86 1. But there was no secession; the Union party 
was in control. It is likely there would have been 
none but for the attempted reinforcement of Fort 
Sumter by the administration, while peace loving people 
were yet endeavoring to avert disimion and war. 

Another shot was "heard 'rotmd the world," when 
Sumter was fired on, and the echoes of it have hardly 
yet ceased to reverberate. At once there were no 
"Unionists" in Orange; certainly none that disclosed 
themselves until after the war had ended disastrously, 
and an office was in sight. 

All the people seemed of one mind, and on the night 
of April 17th the three volunteer companies of the 
Coimty, with many fresh recruits, hastily assembled, 
and tmder orders from Governor Letcher, proceeded 
to Harpers Ferry and took possession of the national 
arsenal there, which had been partially burned before 
their arrival; and war was on. 



150 History of Orange County 

The Monday following was regular court day, and 
a vast concourse attended. On that day, Col. Robert 
E. Lee passed through Orange on his way to Rich- 
mond, in response to an invitation from the conven- 
tion. After long and irrepressible calls from the 
throng at the depot, which even threatened to block 
the train, he appeared on the rear platform and bowed 
acknowledgments. Erect, without a strand of grey in 
his hair or moustache, and he then wore no beard, he 
appeared every inch a man and a soldier. The people 
went wild with enthusiasm at his martial appearance : 
he bowed, but said not a word. 

Orange looked upon him many times afterwards; 
grown grey, indeed, but never bent. No doubt the 
Daughters of the Confederacy will some day mark 
with appropriate tablets the several places in the 
Coimty still remembered as Lee's and Jackson's "Head- 
quarters." 

Soon after court was opened, Mr. B. Johnson Bar- 
bour, the only surviving son of Gov. James Barbour, 
arose, and in a rather faltering but incisive voice ad- 
dressed the Bench, saying in substance that it was 
known of all men how he had striven to save the Union 
of the fathers and to avert the dread calamity of war, 
but now that Mr. Lincoln, like another Appius Claud- 
ius, had cast his lustful eyes upon the fair Virginia, 
and had called for volunteers to invade the South, 
there was nothing for patriots to do but to prepare to 
meet the invaders. He suggested that a subscription 
for defense be made, and himself pledged a liberal sum.* 

♦This is not stated as matter of record. The writer was present and hoard the 
remarks, and he especially remembers the apt classical allusion. Mr. Barbour was 
noted for such allusions. The immediate order of the court, and tlie committee 
as named by it, fully confirm his recollection. 



The War Period 151 

The following order was thereupon entered : "The 
Court of this County, at the suggestion of some of the 
citizens, being of the opinion that, for the defense of 
our County and State, funds should be raised to an 
amount not exceeding $4,000, and that such action 
is approved and desired by the people of the whole 
County, do appoint Benjamin J. Barbour, Ferdinand 
Jones, and Philip B. Jones a committee to borrow a 
sum or sums of money not exceeding $4,000 in the 
aggregate, from time to time as may be required in the 
opinion of the committee, to be applied by them as 
necessity may require; and the court pledge them- 
selves to levy on the land and slaves such amount of 
money as may be necessary from time to time, to pay 
the said sums of money so borrowed in installments of 
one and two years, with all interest that may accrue 
thereon." It also authorized H. T. Holladay to em- 
ploy four or six discreet persons to guard the rail- 
road bridge at Rapidan. 

At the May term three persons in each magisterial 
district were appointed to visit the famiHes of soldiers 
in actual service and furnish to each all necessary meat 
and bread, pledging the court to levy $500, at the next 
term for that purpose. 

July 22, the day after the first battle of Manassas, 
when many private houses and some hastily provided 
hospitals at the Courthouse were full of sick and wound- 
ed soldiers, the Court "requested Mr. W. M. Graham 
to supply them such necessaries as the physician might 
apply for;" and $1,000 was afterv\'-ards appropriated 
to pay the bill. 



152 History op Orange County 

The former order authorizing a loan of $4,000 was 
changed, and the clerk was authorized to issue County 
bonds for $6,000, for the committee to pay debts 
already contracted by them, and to procure imiforms, 
clothing, equipments, and necessary relief to the vol- 
unteers and portions of the militia of the County. 

In May, 1862, John L, Woolfolk was appointed a 
commissioner to go to the salt works and purchase 
6,000 bushels of salt for the citizens. 

At a special term, January, 1863, the slaveholders 
were required to deliver, in the ratio of their holdings, 
200 able-bodied negro men to the sheriff, for work on 
the defences of Richmond. 

The apportionment among individual owners appears 
at large on the order book. 

April, 1863, Ferdinand Jones appointed to borrow 
$10,000 on the faith of the Coimty, and pay the same 
to the wives of soldiers in service at the rate of eight 
dollars per month to each wife and four dollars per 
month for each child under twelve years of age. 

Also an order to William Parker to distribute the 
county salt so that each inhabitant receive fifteen 
pounds; charging eight cents a pound for the first ten 
povmds, and ten cents a pound for the remainder. 

In November the sheriff was ordered to list all indi- 
gent soldiers disabled or honorably discharged, and 
their families, and the families of those now in service, 
and the widows and minor children of such as are dead 
or may die ; and to summon all the justices to the next 

-teiiiTto make provision for the families of soldiers in 

service. 



The War Period 153 

At the December term Ferdinand Jones was ap- 
pointed agent of the County to purchase supplies for 
indigent families of soldiers; to furnish them with 
money as per the former order, or to purchase and 
supply to each member of a family at the rate of one- 
half pound of beef, or one-eighth pound of bacon, and 
one and a half pints of meal or its equivalent in flour, 
per day; and he is authorized to impress 7,000 pounds 
of bacon, or 20,000 pounds of beef, and 2,200 bushels 
of com at prices fixed by the impressing agent of the 
Confederate States; and also to borrow $50,000. 

May, 1864, Ordered, that it be certified to the post 
quartermaster for the Eighth Congressional District 
that there are in the County four hundred persons, 
members of indigent families of soldiers; that there 
will be necessary for their subsistence for the next 
six months, 10,000 poimds of bacon and 1,200 bushels 
of com; and that it is impossible to procure same by 
purchase in the County. 

The Confederacy is starving! 

September, 1864, Ferdinand Jones directed to bor- 
row $25,000 for same purposes. 

The Confederate enrolling officer having been ordered 
to impress one of every four able-bodied negro men 
to work on the fortifications at Richmond, the court 
makes its protest to the Secretary of War, alleging 
many and weighty reasons why the order should not 
be enforced in this County, 

This is the last war item of interest in the order 
books, and surely these are enough to show the devotion 
of the people to their cause. Battle and murder and 
sudden death had become their daily bread. 



154 History of Orange County 

They had borne all things, endured all things, believed 
all things, hoped all things; they had seen things 
in a mirror darkly, and now were to behold them face 
to face. 

And so ensued Appomattox and the end ! 

A volume might be written, interesting and inspir- 
ing, about Orange soldiers and their valiant conduct in 
the field from 1861 to 1865, but this must be left in the 
main to military annalists. 

There were three companies from the County in the 
Thirteenth Virginia Infantry, commanded first by A. P. 
Hill, who was killed at Petersburg in 1865, having 
attained the rank of lieutenant-general; secondly by 
James A. Walker, who later commanded the Stonewall 
Brigade, became a brigadier-general, and after the war, 
was lieutenant-governor of the State, and for several 
terms a member of the United States House of Repre- 
sentatives ; thirdly by James Barbour Terrell, of Bath 
County, whose father was a native of Orange, and who 
was killed at second Cold Harbor in 1864, his commission 
as brigadier general, having been signed ; a noble record 
for the regiment! It was next commanded by Col. 
G. A. Goodman, of Louisa, who went out as a lieuten- 
ant in the Gordonsville Greys, and survived the war; 
and lastly by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles T.Crittenden, 
of Culpeper, who died recently at the Soldiers' Home. 
A roster of these companies appears elsewhere. 

The regiment bore a brave part in all the great bat- 
tles of the Army of Northern Virginia except Gettys- 
burg, having been left in charge of Winchester at the 
time of that battle. 



The War Period 155 

There were two companies of artillery from the 
County, one organized and commanded by Capt. 
Thomas J. Peyton, and subsequently by Capt. C. W. 
Fry, who was promoted to the rank of major, but whose 
commission, captured on the retreat to Appomattox, 
was never actually received. 

The other company, which can not be strictly called 
an Orange company, was raised and commanded by 
Capt. William G. Crenshaw, of Hawfield. 

A cavalry company, "The Orange Rangers," was 
enlisted by Capt. G. J. Browning. 

Many Orange soldiers served in the Seventh Vir- 
ginia Infantry, in the Wise Artillery, and in sundry 
other organizations formed without the County. 

The Coimty suffered much from the ravages of the 
war, being practically on the border from its beginning. 
The Rapidan was General Lee's line of defence for 
many months, and his army wintered in the County in 
1863-64, his headquarters being on the Rogers farm, 
near Nason's. 

Just before and just after the battle of Slaughter's 
Mountain, Stonewall Jackson's headquarters were on 
the farm of Col. Garrett Scott; almost exactly where 
Rev. F. G. Scott's farm buildings now stand, and near 
a notable spring known locally as the "Hollow Spring." 

Gen. A. P. Hill's were in the yard at "Mayhurst," 
the residence of Mr. William G. Crenshaw Jr., near 
Orange; then known as "Howard Place," and owned 
by Col. John Willis. 

The important battles fought in the County were 
Mine Run, in 1863, and the Wilderness battles of 1864. 



156 History op Orange County 

There were also cavalry engagments, mostly skirmishes, 
at Rapidan, Locust Grove, Morton's Ford, New Hope 
Church, Orange, Liberty Mills, Zoar, Germanna and on 
the turnpike near Col. Alexander Cameron's, two miles 
northwest of Gordonsville (the nearest approach of 
the enemy to that town during the war) ; and the 
Thirteenth Virginia Infantry had an insignificant skir- 
mish with cavalry at Toddsberth in July, 1862, where 
they encountered a reconnoitering party which had 
been up the County road as high as the ''Stone Bridge," 
about four miles northeast of Gordonsville. 

The tragic story of the Magruder and the Burrus 
families in the war must be narrated in some detail. 

For some years prior to the war. Col. James Magru- 
der owned and resided at "Frascati," near Somerset. 
He was an ardent "old line whig," and an enthusiastic 
lover of the Union of the States. At the outbreak of 
the war he had five sons of military age, and three 
daughters, the eldest having lately been married to 
Col. Edward T. H. Warren, of Harrisonburg, who 
afterwards became colonel of the Tenth Virginia Infan- 
try. His eldest son, Edward^^Ta graduate of the Vir- 
ginia Military Institute, who was teaching school in 
Rome, Georgia, came to Virginia in command of a com- 
pany, and attained to the rank of colonel. He was 
seven times wounded during the war. 

Colonel Warren, the son-in-law, was killed in battle. 
The second son, James Watson, lately graduated from 
the University, joined the Albemarle Light Horse, 
Second Virginia Cavalry, was chosen first lieutenant, 
and was killed in battle near Richmond during Sheri- 



The War Period 157 

dan's raid. The next son, known as Hilleary, was a 
doctor, and received an appointment as assistant sur- 
geon in one of Ashby's regiments. So much beloved 
was he by the soldiers, that he was prevailed on to 
accept a captaincy of one of the companies. He was 
killed, leading a charge near Rochelle in Madison 
County, almost in sight of his home. The next son, 
George, and the yovmgest, David, were members of the 
Gordonsville Greys. David was the first man to be 
woimded in the Thirteenth Infantry ; so badly wounded 
at Mtmson's Hill, in 1861, that he was disabled for 
active service for the rest of the war, though he con- 
tinued in the army on light service, and died soon after 
the war from the effect of his woimd. George was 
killed in battle, in the Valley. Five sons and a son-in- 
law; four killed in battle, one seven times wounded, 
and one disabled! 

Mr, Lancelot Burrus, who lived near Pamunkey, 
had been high sheriff of the County, and enjoyed the 
respect and esteem of all who knew him. Of his six 
sons, five enlisted in the Montpelier Guards, the sixth 
later on, being imder age, in the Sixth Virginia Cavalry. 
Their full names are written down here as a memorial 
of them, and the names of three of them are inscribed^ 
on the Confederate monument in the public square at 
Orange. Five of them, George Martin, Robert Henry, 
Thomas Joseph, William Tandy and Lancelot went to 
Harpers Ferry April 17th, 1861. At the battle of 
Gaines's Mill, known also as first Cold Harbor, the 
three first named were killed, William Tandy, slightly 
wounded, Lancelot wounded, his cartridge box belt 



X 



158 History of Orange County 

cut off, and fourteen bullet holes shot through his 
clothing ; all this in one day and one battle ! 

John Herschel, the youngest brother, joined the army 
in 1862, and was wounded in the head, near Luray. 
Lancelot, was seven times wounded, and had thirty- 
seven bullet holes through his clothes. And Tandy 
was in every battle with his regiment from the begin- 
ning to the end of the war : 

When a friend called to condole with the father of 
these soldiers, after the battle of Gaines's Mill, the 

brave old man said to him, "Ah, Mr. W , I wish I 

had a million sons, even though they all had to go 
the same way!" 

And these are but types, remarkable though they 
be, of the resolute fathers and sons in Orange, "in the 
time of the war." 

Mr. Larkin Willis, who lived not far from Germanna, 
had ten sons in the Confederate army at one time. 

There is at Orange, though first organized at Gor- 
donsville, a Confederate veterans' camp, known as the 
"William S. Grymes Camp," and named in honor of a 
distinguished and much loved surgeon and county- 
man who served through the war. 

There is also a chapter of the "Daughters of the 
Confederacy," named for the Thirteenth Virginia Infan- 
try. 

An appendix gives the names of such of the Confed- 
erate soldiers from the County as could be obtained 
after much effort. It is known to be very defective; 
and if the names of soldiers not found therein are to be 



The War Period 159 

rescued from oblivion, it must be done by these two 
organizations, and done at once. 

The monument on the public square at the Cotmty 
seat will hand down the names of those who were killed. 
The names of those who served and survived ought 
also to be preserved. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



Reconstruction, 1865 to 1870. 

The last chapter brought the record down to Appo- 
mattox. It is interesting now to recall the memories 
of the three or four ensuing years. 

The soldiers came back home, if home had been 
left them, and, settling down to peaceful pursuits, 
began their struggle with poverty. There was not 
seed in the County sufficient to pitch a crop, nor money 
wherewith to buy. So great was the rebound from 
the field of battle to the serenity of domestic life, that 
even the old veterans, their bodies racked with many 
wounds, set to work with their own hands and with 
good heart to make the best of the situation. The 
Freedmen's Bureau was constituted by the conquerors, 
and satraps with shoulder straps and brass buttons 
were sent to every county to look after the late slaves ; 
the "wards of the nation" as they were then called. The 
negroes were organized into "Union leagues," and de- 
praved white men, some of them citizens, many of them 
a low type of northern newcomers, "scalawags" and 
"carpet-baggers," they were called respectively, did 
what they could to inflame them to tumult and riot. 
To the credit of the negroes be it said that many of 
them, notwithstanding the wiles of their charmers, 
accepting their freedom as a great boon, continued to 

160 



CO 



hi 
TO 




Reconstruction, 1865 to 1870 161 

be orderly, respectful, and industrious. There was 
no such "labor problem," even in those trying times 
as has prevailed for the past ten years. 

And it ought to be remembered with perpetual 
gratitude that the city of Baltimore came to Virginia 
at that time with gifts in her hands — a real Ceres sowing 
the seeds of hope — and offered to furnish, on the credit 
of a crop to be planted, matured, and marketed, such 
seeds as the planters needed. Everybody took fresh 
heart and went to work. There was life in the land 
again. The roar of the cannons had ceased; bloody 
annals were still related by the fireside, but peace brood- 
ded over all. 

And, as the order books show, the court sat on, the 
same justices and other officials "pursuing the noise- 
less tenor of their way" in the administration of County 
affairs; and it was not until January term, 1869, that 
attention is rudely arrested. Here is the caption of 
the order book of that time. 

At a monthly court held for the County of Orange at the 
Courthouse on Monday, the 25th day of January, one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-nine: 

Present, Garrett Scott, Presiding Justice, Ferdinand Jones, 
William H. Faulconer, Edward Beazley, and James Coleman. 

The first entry under that caption is this; 

Headquarters First Military District, 
State of Virginia. 
Richmond, Virginia December 31, 1868. 

Mr. Michael D. Higgins is hereby appointed Clerk of the County 
and Circuit Courts of Orange Cotmty, State of Virginia, to fill the 
vacancy caused by the removal from office of Philip H. Fry, and is 
empowered to perform all the duties of the said office according to 
law until his successor shall be duly elected and qualified. 



i62 History of Orange County 

Before entering on the duties of his office, he will qtialify as re- 
qtiired by the laws of the State and of the United States. 

George Stoneman, 
Brevet Major-Getter al U.S.A. Commanding. " 

The cormorants had got hungry and had demanded 
the mess of pottage. 

That this Higgins may not be confounded with the 
family "native here and to the manner born," let it 
be stated that he had, a few years before his appoint- 
ment, come to the County from the North and pur- 
chased the estate near Orange now owned by Mr. Wil- 
liam G. Crenshaw, Jr. 

The minutes of this term, and of the February term 
which began on George Washington's birthday, were 
signed by Garrett Scott, who had been presiding justice 
for twenty years — his last appearance on the Bench. 

Now came the period of hard swearing known as 
"taking the iron clad oath," and so denominated in 
the record when Higgins took the oaths of office. 

There was no March term, but on April 26th there 
appeared a Court with more facile consciences; "Pre- 
sent John M. Chapman, presiding justice, John Terrell, 
/ John M. Shipp, and William H. Faulconer." 

Daniel Sheffey Lewis, of Rockingham County, acted 
as attorney for the Commonwealth during this period, 
vice Lewis B. Williams who had held the office since 
1831. 

This "Presiding Justice" appears to have held but the 
one term. William H. Faulconer was next elected 
and continued to act as such until March 1870, when 
the coimty court ceased to be a Bench of justices. 



Reconstruction, 1865 to 1870 163 

Other justices, whose names appear as constituting the 
court during this period, besides those named above, 
were William L. Duval, Robert Allison and Joseph 
K, Dobbins. 

In 1870 the new constitution of the State, framed in 
1867-68 by what is known in history as the "Black 
and Tan" or "Underwood" convention, became effec- 
tive; and the State was "readmitted into the Union," 
which she had been chiefly instrumental in forming 
and establishing. The delegate from Orange to that 
Convention was a "carpet bagger," whose name, never 
before nor since heard of in the County, is now known 
only to the curious; and which, like those of all his 
class, would be infamous if it had not been forgotten. 

The changes wrought by it were many and grave, 
and chief among them was the abolition of the county 
courts administered by justices, an institution almost 
coeval with the colony, and the creation of the office 
of county judge. 

Each county had to be laid off into townships, and 
the Governor appointed Garrett Scott, R. L. Gordon, 
Ferdinand Jones, and William F. Brooking to perform 
that duty in Orange. Their report is recorded in the 
current deed book for 1870. 

The map herewith shows the boundaries of these 
townships, now known, by Constitutional amendment, 
as magisterial districts, which have not been changed 
since they were established. 

Great apprehension was felt at the time lest the 
negroes, who then constituted a majority of the regis- 
tered voters, might work havoc in the fiscal matters 



i64 History of Orange County 

of the County by electing a majority of the newly 
created board of supervisors. As they had already 
flocked in numbers to Gordonsville and Orange, the 
two principal villages in the County, it was deemed 
essential that these precincts should be in the same 
township, so that the white people might maintain 
political ascendancy in the other three; which is the 
explanation of the rather remarkable boundaries of 
the townships. 

There has, however, never been a negro supervisor 
in the County, nor any negro elected to office, and 
rarely has there been a negro jury; once, when such 
a jury had been impaneled to try a member of their 
own race for murder, the prisoner plead earnestly for 
a jury of white men, which was denied him. 

The townships were named Barbour, Madison, Taylor, 
and Gordon, in memory of four eminent citizens of 
the County. William G. Williams was chosen by the 
legislature as county judge. He held his first term, 
April 1870, and appointed Lewis B.Williams, Common- 
wealth's Attorney and John G. Williams, Clerk of the 
courts. 

There have been three county judges: William G. 
Williams, who resigned; William R. Taliaferro; and 
James W. Morton. The last named was the incumbent 
when the present constitution, which abolished the 
county courts, went into effect. He was the recipient 
of a handsome "loving cup," as a testimonial from 
the Bar, when his court ceased to be an institution. 

Since 1870 matters have gone on in the usual and 
regular routine, with nothing of such notable moment 



Reconstruction, 1865 to 1870 165 

in the order books as need be narrated here. Such 
items as have been omitted in the regular narrative, 
because not susceptible of grouping under the chapter 
headings, and which are deemed worthy of attention, 
may be found in a subsequent chapter under the head 
of "Miscellaneous." 



CHAPTER XX. 



Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907. 

The narrative having been brought down to the end 
of Reconstruction, little remains to be told. 

The recuperation from the waste of the war, has been 
remarkable; not more so than that of other counties 
enjoying like advantages of climate, soil, and market 
facilities, yet so remarkable as to arrest attention. For 
it must be remembered that Orange was a theatre of 
the war, almost from the beginning, and though fabu- 
lous prices were paid for the timber and fences des- 
troyed by and for the supplies furnished to the army, 
yet payment was made in fabulous currency, and the 
final result was total loss. 

There were 6,iii slaves in Orange in i860, consti- 
tuting an asset of quite a million and a half dollars, 
nearly double the value of all other personal property, 
which was wiped out as with a sponge. 

The tax rate on slaves twelve years of age, whether 
decrepit or not, was $1 . 20 each, and the auditor's 
report shows 3,309 of that age, the tax on whom 
amounted to nearly four thousand dollars. 

A table is annexed, that readers may compare for 
themselves values as assessed in the years i860, 1866, 
and 1906. The only change of County lines since 
1 838 was an adjustment of the line with Louisa, whereby 

166 



Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907 167 

Orange gained some little territory, yet the returns 
show a few thousand acres less in 1906 than in i860. 
In the latter year, the tax rate on lands was forty cents 
on the hundred dollars of assessed value; in 1866, 
fourteen cents, the valuation being nearly the 
same; in 1906 it was thirty-five cents, of which ten 
cents for free schools; but the assessments for this 
year are much lower, though not lower than for a 
good many years past. 

No good reason can be given for this apparent depre- 
ciation in value, which is certainly only apparent. 

There is now much more arable land, the farming 
has been greatly improved, and the lands are in much 
better condition than ever before. There has also 
been a very great increment of value by reason of new 
buildings and enclosures, yet the assessment has fallen 
off from more than $2,700,000 in i860 to less than 
$2,000,000 in 1906, and of the latter sum nearly a 
quarter of a million represents town values which in 
i860 were only $84,000 in amount. True, labor was 
abundant and cheap in 1866, gold was at a premium, 
the currency inflated, and the land market brisk by 
reason of an influx of immigrants from England and 
the northern States. The panic of 1873 depressed all 
values and for some years thereafter land could hardly 
be sold at any price. But these conditions no longer 
prevail, and normal prices have been attained for sev- 
eral years ; yet the assessments of the panic time con- 
tinue not only in Orange but throughout the State. 

There can be little doubt that "politics" had much 
to do with it, the controversy over the State debt, now 



1 68 History of Orange County 

happily ended, having been a material factor in lower- 
ing not actual values, but values assessed for taxation. 

There are but few manufactures and special indus- 
tries in the County; among the latter, stock breeding, 
dairy farming, and poultry raising. Some years since, 
there was a cheese factory at Somerset, which manu- 
factured excellent cheese, but it has been found to be 
more remunerative to ship the cream and milk to the 
city markets than to manufacture them at home. 

There was never a bona fide bank in the County till 
long after the war, and the early adventures in that 
line proved disastrous to the depositors, there having 
been three bank failures in a few years. Now, at the 
County seat there are two national banks, the "Bank 
of Orange," with a paid-up capital of $25,000 ; surplus, 
$30,000 ; deposits, $330,000 ; John G. Williams, presi- 
dent, M. G. Field, cashier; the "Citizens' National 
Bank," capital, $25,000; surplus, $4,000; deposits, 
$160,000; R. O. Halsey, president, R. C. Slaughter, 
cashier; and at Gordonsville there is a "Branch of 
the Virginia Safe Deposit and Trust Corporation," 
W. S. Rogers, manager. All these institutions possess 
the confidence of the people, and their stock commands 
a premium. 

There are two hunt clubs, which go to the field in 
costume and oftener pursue a bag of anise seed than 
reynard; the "Tomahawk," Mr. H. O. Lyne, president 
and Mr. Wallace Sanford, master of hounds; and the 
Blue Rim," Mr. William duPont, president, and Dr. 
James Andrews, master of hounds. 

These clubs in addition to their picturesqueness and 



o 
o 
b 







Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907 169 

the sport they afford their members, teach the "art of 
Thrace — centaur Hke to ride," and promote the breed- 
ing and training of hunters which command great prices. 

The Orange Horseman's Association, Mr. Thomas 
Atkinson, president, has become an institution that 
annually draws a great throng to its exhibition. This 
undoubtedly constitutes the chief spectacular occa- 
sion of the year, and also stimulates the breeding of 
fine horses. 

The building of the Charlottesville and Rapidan 
Railroad cut off Gordonsville from her main back- 
country trade, which has now fallen to Barboursville 
and Somerset. These hamlets have become the main 
depots of Greene and Madison, respectively, and their 
trade in the minor products of the farms is something 
phenomenal. 

The County seat is the junctional point of three 
railroads, and its growth in recent years has been 
quite susbtantial. Here are two banks, a merchant 
mill and ice factory, a wholesale store, macadamized 
streets, granolithic pavements, electric lights, and a 
library. 

Gordonsville has a bank, excellent pavements, elec- 
tric lights and an uncommonly good system of water 
works. The water, gathered into two reserv^oirs from 
a group of pure freestone springs on the mountain side, 
is very wholesome, and the natural gravity is sufficient 
to throw a stream over the greatest elevation in the 
town. There is one manufacturing plant in successful 
operation. Here the "Gordon Land Company," 
launched an unfortunate "boom" in 1890, which, like 
most booms, ended in disaster. 



170 History of Orange County 

There are six merchant mills in the county, most 
of them equipped with the roller-process machinery. 
There is little valuable timber left, but a considerable 
business continues in lumber and cross ties. 

The "Pamunkey" neighborhood, which embraces the 
Orange Springs, a very fertile section of the Coimty, 
lying ten miles below the County seat, has long been 
celebrated for the thrift and hospitality of its people. 

The "Somerset" and "Rapidan" neighborhoods 
embrace the most beautiful and highly cultivated 
sections of the County. The landscape, beautiful in 
itself, with "the long, waving line of the Blue Pyra- 
nees," the Blue Ridge, for its northward horizon, 
is embellished with many handsome homes. The soil 
is very fertile, and nattlre has dispensed all her boun- 
ties with a lavish hand. 

Before the war there were a good many citizens in 
the County of ample fortunes, as fortunes were then 
reckoned. Colonel George Willis's faflnily, of Wood 
Park, used to come to Church at Orange in a coach 
and four, and fine equipages were more the rule than 
the exception; after the war hardly anybody was 
left even "well-to-do," though some of the County 
people have now amassed handsome fortunes. In 
more recent years gentlemen of great means, attrac- 
ted by the salubrity of the climate, the ever pleasing 
landscape, the historic associations and the many other 
features which render the country so dear to its people, 
have acquired homes in Orange, whose combined for- 
tunes aggregate millions. In most cases they have 
adapted themselves to their new environment, and 



Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907 171 

have enlarged and adorned homes that were long cher- 
ished even in their former and simpler settings. They 
have introduced the newest methods in farming, have 
brought in many varieties of improved stock, and 
thus have stimulated agricultural activities in their 
respective neighborhoods; better than all, they have 
shown themselves, with rarest exception, to be liberal 
minded and public spirited, and wholly without the 
offensive arrogance and display of the newly rich, 

In 1906 Madison district was authorized by a vote 
of all the districts to contract a loan of $25,000 for the 
improvement of its public highways ; a beginning of 
the "Good Roads" system so much talked about of 
late. The imiversal hope is that this loan will enure 
to the general welfare. 

In 1907 there are seventy-four public free schools 
in the County, forty-five white and twenty-nine col- 
ored, with fifty white and twenty -four colored teachers ; 
eight graded^and one high school; school population, 
2,004 white, 2,451 colored; Edmimd W. Scott, Somer- 
set, county superintendent. 

The net revenue paid into the State treasury in 1905, 
by the County was $16,125.60. 

In 1906 the County levy was at the rate of twenty 
cents on the $100 for general purposes, and ten cents 
for schools. The magisterial district levy was from 
five to ten cents for schools, and twenty to thirty for 
roads. The receipts of the County for the year were: 
on real estate, $3,609.47; personal estate, $1,878.96; 
railroads, $1,034.29; telegraph and telephone lines, 
$33.65; other sources, $968 . 00 ; for schools, $3,279.85. 
Total $10,804.22. 



172 History of Orange County 

Total district receipts for schools, $2,933.08; for 
roads, $7,638. 74; all purposes, $10,571.82. Grand 
total, county and districts, $21,376.04. 

There were ninety Confederate pensioners, to whom 
the State paid $2,110.00. 

Population in i860, whites, 4,407 ; free negroes, 188; 
slaves, 6,111; total, 10,700. In 1900, whites, 7,052 ; 
negroes, 5,519; total 12,571. 

Mr, Woolfolk, the County clerk, furnishes the fol- 
lowing figures as to the denomination of the white 
people's churches : Episcopal, 4 ; Presbyterian, 3 ; 
Methodist, 7; Baptist, 13; Disciples, 4; Roman 
Catholic, i; Free, i. 



Fiscal and Statistical, 1870 to 1907 



173 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TAXABLE VALUES OF ORANGE 
COUNTY FOR THE YEARS 1860, 1866, and 1906. 





1860. 


1866. 


1906. 


Personal Property. 


No. 


Assessed 
Value. 


No. 


Assessed 
Value. 


No. 


Assessed 
Value. 


Horses 


2,991 

6,599 

13,457 

10,704 

386 

539 

74 


$150,328 00 
90,631 00 
30,947 00 
19,838 00 
11,876 00 

1,619 00 
10,400 00 

8,111 00 

88,870 00 
355,191 00 

7,040 00 


2,102 

4 981 

4,443 

7,187 

344 

429 

75 


$119,040 00 

80,003 00 

12,073 00 

24,128 00 

12,313 00 

1,510 00 

9,655 00 

6,001 00 

67,800 00 
36,549 00 

12,120 00 


3,881 

8,263 

3,519 

6,102 

762 

917 

361 


$166,364 00 


Cattle 


102,482 00 


Sheep 


11,450 00 


Hogs 


14,224 00 


Watches 


6,107 00 


Clocks 


1,696 00 


Pianos 


15,010 00 


Plate and silverware . . 


2,300 00 


Household and 
liitchen furniture . . . 




91,954 00 


Bonds 




222,974 00 


Fanning implements 
and other personal 
Drooertv 




94,343 00 








Total 




$774,851 00 




$381,192 00 


$728,904 00 











No. 
Acres. 


Assessed 
Value. 


No. 

Acres. 


Assessed 
Value. 


No. 
Acres. 


Assessed 
Value. 


Real Estate 

Buildings 


214,937 


$2,279,222 00 
402,988 00 

84,075 00 


214,158 


$2,313,384 00 
384.991 00 

93,246 00 


212,366 


$1,209,567 00 
474,699 00 


Town lots and 
buildings 




239,984 00 








Total 




$2,767,285 00 




$2,791,621 00 




$1,924,250 00 











CHAPTER XXL 



Miscellaneous. 

The Marquis's Road is one of the historic highways 
of the County, extending, originally, from old Raccoon 
Ford to Brock's Bridge, from the Rapidan to the North 
Anna. 

The general impression that La Fayette constructed 
this road is an error. Retreating rapidly before Com- 
walHs, from the neighborhood of Richmond, the latter 
boasting that "the boy can not escape me," he crossed 
the Rapidan, probably at Germanna, subsequently 
moving up to Raccoon Ford, where he awaited rein- 
forcements tmder Wayne. On Wayne's arrival, he 
began his march towards Albemarle old Courthouse, 
(Scott sville,) where, and also at the Point of Fork (Col- 
umbia, in Fluvanna County,), supplies were stored 
which Tarleton was menacing. The following extract 
from Burk's History of Virginia, 1816, Vol. IV., 507, 
indicates the portion of the road opened by La Fayette. 

From a respectable officer of militia, at that time, 
the subjoined description of La Fayette's route has, 
been obtained; 

"I joined the Marquis's army the night they left 
Richmond, and encamped with the army at Winston's 
plantation, I believe in the County of Hanover. 
* * * The route from thence was to Culpeper 

174 



Miscellaneous 175 

County, near the Rackoon Ford, where we halted until 
Wa3^ne's brigade joined. The route from thence was 
in bye-roads in the direction of the Rivanna River, 
through Orange , and the upper end of Louisa and Fluvan - 
na Counties. Near Boswell's Tavern the army halted 
one night, and the next day was marched along a new 
road to Mechunk Creek, which road goes by the name 
of 'the Marquis's road' to this day." 

Citations from the order books in the chapter, "Orange 
in the Revolution," prove that Brock's Bridge was 
regarded as an important structure, and that a guard 
was constantly kept there long before this march oc- 
curred; which seems to be conclusive, that the Mar- 
quis did not construct the road in Orange. 

This road passes La Fayette, a station on the Nar- 
row Gauge Railroad, named in honor of the Marquis. 
Here he encamped for a night, his headquarters being 
under a large tree on one of the boughs of which he 
himg his sword. This tree was blown down during a 
storm some years since, and later converted into cross 
ties. The Rev. Dr. Howison of Fredericksburg, author 
of a history of Virginia, and also a history of the 
United States, purchased some of these ties and had 
walking sticks made out of them. 

The items following, not susceptible of grouping 
under a general chapter, are inserted as interesting 
miscellanies. 

At the rating of prices for ordinaries in 1742, "whis- 
key" is mentioned for the first time, though something 
denominated "rye brandy," which was probably the 
same thing, had been rated some years earlier. 

In that year also, there was a difference of two pence 



176 History of Orange County 

in the quart for "Virginia ale;" six pence "below the 
ridge," four pence "over the ridge." The probable 
explanation is that this commodity was manufactured 
in the Valley, and hence could be sold more cheaply 
there, Philip Long, who came from Alsace, was a 
notable citizen of that part of the county now called 
Page, and his lineal descendants are still prominent 
citizens of the latter county. Philip Long's name, 
often spelled Lung, appears frequently in the early 
records of Orange. His descendants say he was an 
accomplished brewer, and it is not unlikely that he 
was the first manufacturer of this Virginia ale. 

The names of Augustine and of Lawrence Wash- 
ington appear as parties plaintiff, during the forties. 
George Wythe, presumed to be the "Signer," and 
afterwards the famous "Chancellor," appeared as 
counsel for John Willis in 1747. Edmund Pendleton, 
also, appeared as counsel, but the name of his client 
is not given. 

Chief Justice Marshall was counsel for Johnny Scott, 
and his receipt for his fee is still extant. 

In 1 75 1 Henry Downs, who had been a King's jus- 
tice and a member of the House of Burgesses, is men- 
tioned in a court order as a "Runaway." He was 
expelled from the House of Burgesses of Virginia for 
"stealing a white sheep," in Maryland, before he settled 
in this State. 

It is stated in a note to the "Dinwiddle Papers," 
Vol. II., 167, that John Spotswood was County Lieuten- 
ant of Orange in 1755. This is an error, as John Bay- 
lor was then County Lieutenant, a fact which these 
same papers establish. 



n 

H 
O 



SO 

CD 




Miscellaneous 177 

A county seal is first mentioned in 1774. The seal 
is an excellent cut of a lion, encircled by the name 
of the County. The cost of it was fifty shillings. 

Smallpox created more consternation in the old days 
than now. In 1778, "on the petition of Joseph Spencer 
leave is granted him to inoculate for the smallpox at 
his house in this County;" and in April, 1797, "on 
the motion of John Stevens for leave to inoculate for 
the smallpox it is granted him, it appearing to the 
Court that he and his family are in immediate dan- 
ger of taking the said disorder; such inoculation to 
take place on or before the loth of May, next ensuing, 
and not less than half a mile from the road." 

There was another alarm in 1848, when the Court 
directed Dr. David Pannill to take charge of the 
malady, erect a hospital or hospitals, employ servants, 
agents, etc., and clothed him with plenary power to do 
what he thought best, promising $500 to pay 
expenses. 

In 1823 the Court contracted with Reuben Lindsay 
to make an accurate chart of the County at a cost of 
$1,500. This was probably for the well-known 
"Nine-Sheet" map of the State, far and away the best 
that has ever been made, the copper plates of which 
are yet in the State Library. 

A committee of prominent citizens was appointed 
by the Court in 1833 to see the "free people of color," 
and ascertain what number of them would avail them- 
selves of a recent Act of Assembly providing for their 
transportation to Liberia. Nothing appears to have 
come of it, though James Madison, Jr., was an ardent 



178 History of Orange County 

member of the American Colonization Society and 
remembered it in his will. The mill at Toddsberth 
once belonged to this society. 

Madison died in 1836, and his widow qualified as 
executrix, giving bond for $100,000. Judge Philip 
P. Barbour's will was proved in 1841, and the admin- 
istration bond was for $120,000. 

In Dr. Taylor's "Virginia Baptist Ministers" it is 
stated that Mr. Craig was imprisoned in both Cul- 
peper and Orange. The Orange records do not sus- 
tain this statement. 

Although interest in improved stock, and especially 
in horses, was never so great in former times as now, 
yet the importation of thoroughbreds for breeding 
purposes began long ago. Governor Barbour having 
imported several notable horses from England early 
in the last century. Mr. R. B. Haxall, who resided 
at Rocklands, gave quite an impulse to the breeding 
of fine stock of every kind, and also to high-grade farm- 
ing. He introduced what is commonly known as 
"Japan clover" in the County, and kept in stud for 
many years several of Major Doswell's highest bred 
horses, and others of equally famous pedigree. 

Some years prior to the war a joint stock company 
built a training stable at Lee's Crossing, near Madison 
Run, known locally as the "Horse College," and placed 
an imported English trainer, named Carrier, in charge. 
Here was kept "Voltaire," probably the most famous 
"sire" ever known in Orange, and this history would 
be incomplete if Voltaire's name were omitted. 

A general officer bought him during the war, and he 



Miscellaneous 179 

was killed in battle; but to be able to trace lineage 
back to him still establishes a horse genealogy through- 
out the County. 

For many years, so many that the oldest inhabi- 
tant forty years since knew not how long, an old 
dismounted cannon lay on the old turnpike, a few hun- 
dred yards below the County seat. It was the custom 
of the boys, at Christmas and on the Fourth of July, to 
load it up and fire a round of salutes, and about i860 
it was overcharged and burst. Most probably it was left 
there during the Revolution, but this is only surmise. 
Another, just like it, was at the Orange Springs. This 
was not only burst by a discharge, but the man who 
touched it off was killed by the explosion — a valuable 
servant of Mr. Coleman who owned the Springs. 

The name "Old Trap," the modern Locust Grove, 
appears as early as 1785. The old names for Poplar 
Run were "Baylor's Run" and "Beaver Dam Run," and 
the name for the bend in the Rapidan near where this 
run enters it was the "Punch Bowl," and it is so print- 
ed on the maps. Prior to 1800 there was an incor- 
poration of a prospective village under the name of 
"Mechanic." It was somewhere between Barbours- 
ville and the Greene line, but it never became a village; 
a "boom" perhaps in the chrysalis state. Verdiers- 
ville, in the grim humor of the soldiers, was known as 
"My Dearsville," during the war. 

In the one hundred and seventy three years that the 
County has existed, there have been practically but 
five King's and Commonwealth's Attorneys; Zachary 
Lewis, John Walker, Gilbert H. Hamilton, Lewis B. 



x8o History of Orange County 

Williams, and John G. Williams; an average term of 
nearly thirty-five years. 

These are some of the old land grants in the County : 

In 1772, to Bartholomew Yates, Latane, Robinson, 
Clouder, Harry Beverley, William Stanard, and Edwin 
Thacker, 24,000 acres on south side of Rapidan, one 
quarter of a mile below mouth of Laurel Run. To 
Harry Beverley, 6,720 acres, north sideheadof Pamun- 
key. To James Taylor, 8,500 acres, both sides Little 
Mountains, south of Rapidan, adjoining John Bay- 
lor's land. To same, 5,000 acres. To William Bev- 
erley, 2,500 acres. In 1723, to Ambrose Madison and 
Thomas Chew, 4,675 acres. In 1726, to William Todd, 
two grants of 4,673 acres each, on both sides of Little 
Motmtains, south of Rapidan ; grant mentions Taha- 
ferro's Run, and calls for a comer with Ambrose Madi- 
son. To Francis Conway, 576 acres. To John TaUa- 
ferro, the younger, 935 acres. South West Mountain. To 
Benjamin Porter a tract adjoining Colonel Spotswood, 
J. and Lawrence Taliaferro ; and in 1727, to John Down- 
er, a tract adjoining James Taylor. 

In nearly all of the earlier grants, the Southwest 
Mountains are called the Little Mountains and Blue 
Run is invariably spelled "Blew." 

Many more items, curious rather than historical, 
might be added, but these are deemed to be quite 
enough. 



CHAPTER XXII 



Biographical Sketches. 

Barbour, B. Johnson. Yotingest son of Governor 
Barbour, bom 182 1, died 1894; had great literary ac- 
complishments and extraordinary gifts as a speaker and 
conversationalist; was long Rector of the University 
of Virginia, and Visitor to the Miller School, and, like 
his father, was greatly devoted to the cause of general 
education. He was elected to Congress immediately 
after the war, but was not permitted to take his seat 
under the prescriptive regime that then prevailed. 
He represented the Coimty in the Legislature and was 
one of the earliest supervisors; was the orator on 
the occasion of the dedication of the Clay statue in 
the Capitol Square in Richmond ; and such was his elo- 
quence and scholarship that he was always in demand 
as an orator. 

Barbour, James. Bom June 10, 1775; died June 
7, 1842; served in the legislature from 1796 to 1812, 
and diiring his service in that body was the strenuous 
advocate of Madison's famous "Resolutions of 1798-99 ;" 
was elected Governor, January, 181 2, and served as 
such with patriotic zeal, practically until the end of 
the War of 1 8 1 2 ; was elected United States Senator 

181 



1 82 History of Orange County 

in 1 815, where he served imtil 1825, then becoming 
Secretary of War until 1828, when he was sent as 
Minister Plenipotentiary to England, whence he was 
recalled in 1829 on the election of Andrew Jackson to 
the Presidency; was chairman of the National Con- 
vention which nominated William Henry Harrison in 
1839, and for years the president of the Orange Humane 
Society, in which position he fostered education in every 
possible way. Though others claim that distinction, 
there is little reason to doubt that he was the originator 
of the Literary Fund of Virginia which has been the 
mainstay of popular education from its creation until 
now, greatly supplemented, certainly, since the public 
free schools have become a State institution. His 
wish was that public service only should constitute his 
epitaph. He is said to have been a majestically hand- 
some man, of great eloquence, and a wonder as a con- 
versationalist. He lies buried at Barboursville in an 
immarked grave. It would be a just tribute to his 
memory, and a tardy recognition of his great services 
to the cause of education in his County and State, 
for the school authorities to erect some memorial over it. 

Barbour, Philip Pendleton. Born May 25, 1783; 
son of Thomas and brother of the Governor. After he 
had been admitted to the Bar and had practiced law, 
he studied at William and Mary College; member of 
the Legislature 181 2-1 4; of the United States House of 
Representatives 18 14-21, and Speaker of the House; 
resigned in 1825, and was appointed United States 
District Judge; again Member of Congress from 



Biographical Sketches 183 

1827 to 1830 ; was President of the Virginia Convention 
of 1829, succeeding James Monroe, and was a notable 
member of that eminent body of statesmen ; appoint- 
ed associate justice United States Supreme Court 
by Andrew Jackson in 1836; and was found dead in 
his bed in Washington, February 25, 1841. He is 
buried in the Congressional Cemetery. J 

Barbour, Thomas. Bom 1735, about one and one- 
fourth miles east of Barboursville village, and one- 
fourth mile south of the turnpike ; died at Barbours- 
ville, 1825; appointed King's Justice in 1768, and 
was continuously in the commission until his death. 
More minutes of court are signed by him than by any 
other justice. He long represented the County in the 
House of Burgesses, was a member of the Conventions 
of 1774 and 1775, and County Lieutenant, with the 
rank of colonel, in the later years of the Revolutionary 
War. He was the father of Governor James and Judge 
P. P. Barbour. 

Bartley, James Avis. Author of two volumes of 
poems which have now become quite rare; was edu- 
cated at the University of Virginia shortly before the 
war, and died not long afterwards. 

Chew, Colby and Larkin. Sons of Col. Thomas 
Chew, sheriff of Orange in 1745, and Martha Taylor, 
great-aunt of President Madison and great-grand-aimt 
of President Taylor. Colby served in the expedition 
against the Shawnees in 1756, was ensign in Washing- 
ton's regiment in 1757, was wounded near Fort Du- 
quesne in 1758, and falling into the river, was drowned. 



1 84 History of Orange County 

Larkin, his brother, had his arm shattered by a ball in 
battle in 1754, and was a lieutenant in the Second Vir- 
ginia Regiment. (VI. Va. Hist. Mag. 345.) 

Cleveland, Benjamin. Bom and raised in Orange, 
some six or eight miles from the mouth of Blue Run. 
He married Mary Graves, also of Orange ; was a gal- 
lant and efficient officer during the Revolution and one 
of the commanders at Kings Mountain. (VII. Va. 
Hist. Mag, 4, 128.) 

Wheeler (History of North Carolina) says he was bom 
in Prince William County, Virginia, but the fact of his 
birth in Orange seems incontestible. Cleveland's Run, 
about a mile northeast of Barboursville, was doubtless 
named for him or his family, as his parents and grand- 
parents lived near it. They were Baptists, and doubt- 
less members of old Blue Run church. 

Crenshaw, Captain William G. Bom July 7th, 
1824, in Richmond, Virginia, and manned, May 25th, 
1847, Miss Fanny Elizabeth Graves of Orange Cotmty. 
He died May 24th, 1897, at Hawfield, about six months 
after his wife, and both are buried in Hollywood, at 
Richmond. 

He was a man of remarkable ability. When the 
Civil War broke out, though not yet thirty-seven years 
of age, he was the senior member of Crenshaw & Co., 
whose business extended over a large part of the world, 
much of their foreign trade being done in vessels built 
and owned by himself and his brothers. 

As soon as Virginia seceded he determined to discon- 
tinue business and go into the army, and raised and 



Biographical Sketches 185 

equipped at his own expense a battery of artillery, 
known as "Crenshaw's Battery," which became famous. 
After the ardous campaign of 1863, having participated 
in every battle from Mechanicsville to Sharpsburg, he 
was detailed by the Confederate Government to go to 
Europe as its commercial agent. This position he held 
to the end of the war, accomplishing large results in 
obtaining ordnance, clothing, provisions, and other 
supplies for the government; in building steamers to 
get these supplies into the blockaded ports ; and also 
building several notable privateers for the Confederacy. 
He remained in England until the summer of 1868, 
and was thereafter for many years engaged in business 
in New York. 

Throughout his life he was an ardent, enthusiastic 
and successful farmer and stock breeder, spending all 
the time he could spare at Hawfield, where he resided 
permanently the last ten years of his Hfe. 

Franklin, Jesse. Bom in Orange, March 4, 1760; 
died 1 84-; was adjutanttohisimcle, Colonel Cleveland, 
at the battle of Kings Mountain; member of North 
Carolina Legislature, and Member of Congress; was 
United States Senator for two terms and president pro 
tempore of the Senate, 1805, and Governor of North 
Carolina in 1820. (VII. Va. Hist. Mag., 128.) 

Fry, Philip S. Bom — ; died July 1859; was long 
the honored and beloved clerk of the county and circuit 
courts. He was deputy clerk in 182 1, a justice in 
1834, and was elected clerk in February, 1844, by the 
full bench of justices, receiving eighteen votes, to one 
for John M. Chapman. 



i86 History of Orange County 

Gordon, James. Planter, of Germanna, known as 
"James of Orange," to distinguish him from his first 
cousin, the second James of Lancaster, was bom in 
Richmond County in 1759. He was the eldest son of 
John Gordon, who emigrated to Virginia from County- 
Down, Ireland, where his progenitors had been seated 
at "Sheepbridge," near Newry, since 1692. John Gor- 
don married in Middlesex Cotmty, in 1756, Lucy 
Churchill, daughter of Col. Armistead Churchill and 
his wife, Hannah Harrison, of Wakefield. James Gor- 
don represented Richmond County in the House of 
Delegates in 1781; and Orange, as the colleague of 
James Madison, in the Virginia Convention of 1788 
which ratified the Federal Constitution. He died at 
Germanna, December 14, 1799, and was buried there in 
the Gordon family burying groimd. 

Gordon, William Fitzhugh. Planter, lawyer, and 
statesman; was the second son of James Gordon, of 
Orange. He was bom at Germanna, January 13th, 
1787, and after reading law in Fredericksburg practised 
for several years at Orange. He was a member of the 
House of Delegates from Albemarle, serving for a long 
period as chairman of the judiciary committee, and 
was instmmental in the enactment of legislation estab- 
lishing the University of Virginia. For several sessions 
he was a member of the United States House of Repre- 
sentatives, and was the originator of the Independent 
or Sub-Treasury system. He was a member of the 
famous Convention of 1829-30, and formulated the 
scheme of representation, which was finally accepted 
by the Convention, known as as the "Mixed Basis." 



Biographical Sketches 187 

He was brigadier, and later, major-general of the State 
Militia. He married, first, December 12, 1809, Mary- 
Robinson Rootes, "Federal Hill," Fredericksburg, 
who died without issue; second, January 21, 181 3, 
Elizabeth Lindsay, daughter of Col. Reuben Lindsay, 
of Albemarle County, and of this marriage were bom 
twelve children. 

General Gordon was a democrat of the States' Rights 
school, and a fervid and eloquent speaker. He died 
at his residence, "Edgeworth," in Albemarle, five miles 
west of Gordonsville, August 28, 1858. 

Kemper, James Lawson. Bom in Madison County 
in 1824; descended from one of the German colonists 
at Germanna of 17 14; educated at Washington Col- 
lege, Virginia; commissioned Captain by President 
Polk in 1847, and joined General Taylor's army in 
Mexico, but too late for active service; served ten 
years in the House of Delegates and was Speaker of 
the House; Colonel of the Seventh Virginia Infantry 
in 1861 ; Brigadier-general in 1862 ; desperately wound- 
ed and left on the field in Pickett's charge at Gettys- 
burg. Major-general, March, 1864, in command of 
reserve forces aroimd Richmond; elected Governor 
of Virginia in 1873, defeating Judge Robert W. Hughes, 
and, after the end of his term, residing at "Walnut 
Hills," near Orange Courthouse, until his death in 189-, 
practicing law in Orange and adjacent counties. He 
was a gentleman of fine presence, something didactic 
in manner, and a speaker of excellent ability. He was 
the first Governor from among our own people after 
the war. 



1 88 History of Orange County 

Leland, John. A Baptist preacher, bom in Massa- 
chusetts in 1754. He came to Culpeper in 1775, and 
was made pastor of Mt.Poney church, where he soon had 
trouble, and came to Orange in 1776. 

There is a local tradition of an all-day-long discus- 
sion between him and James Madison, when the latter 
was a candidate for the Convention of 1788, at a 
famous spring near Nason's. A fine oak tree, still 
standing near the spring, is known locally as "Madison's 
Oak." 

As neither the "Life" of Leland, nor the sketch of 
him in Sprague's "American Pulpit," makes any 
mention of this discussion, the incident is believed to 
be wholly apocryphal; and had not Judge Dabney, 
who married a great-niece of Madison's, attempted to 
dignify the myth by publishing an account of it over- 
loaded with errors in Harper's magazine, this sketch 
would have been wholly unnecessary. 

Madison, James. Bom March 16, 1752; died Jtme 
28, 1836 ; was the son of James Madison of Orange, and 
Nelly Conway, of King George, in which latter County 
he was born while his mother was on a visit to her pa- 
rental home at Port Conway. The place of his birth 
has been marked in recent years by the Federal govern- 
ment. The encyclopaedias and all of his biographers 
state that he was bom in March, 1751, but inasmuch 
as there was no month of March in that year, the "New 
Style" of reckoning the calendar year from January i, 
instead of from March 25, beginning with 1752, having 
cut out March from 1 7 5 1 , it is manifest that their date 



Biographical Sketches 189 

is incorrect. Even so painstaking a historian as 
Charles Campbell locates his birthplace as "near Port 
Royal, in Caroline County." 

The biographies of Madison are so numerous that 
no sketch of him is a necessary part of this book, but 
extracts from a remarkable panegyric by the late emi- 
nent Virginian, Hugh Blair Grigsby, in his excessively 
rare "Discourse on the Virginia Convention of 1829-30," 
published by the Virginia Historical Society in 1853, 
is substituted. 

Perhaps the most important act in our history was the adoption 
of the Federal Constitution, an act the full purport of which was not 
known at the time of its adoption, if indeed it is fully known at 
present, and the history of that instrument and of the measures of 
those who carried it into execution, was wrapped up in the lives of 
the men who then sat in that hall. If to any one individual more 
than another the paternity of the Federal Constitution may be 
ascribed, James Madison was that man. It may be that the present 
form of that paper is from the pen of Gouvemeur Morris, but Madi- 
son was the inspiring genius of the new system. He it was who, 
while a member of the old Congress, drew the celebrated appeal to 
the people at the close of the war to adopt some efficient mode of 
paying the debts of the Confederation; who procured in 1786 the 
passage of the resolution of this Commonwealth, inviting the meet- 
ing at Annapolis, which resulted in the assembling of the Conven- 
tion at Philadelphia; who attended the sessions of that body, and 
as much as any one man, if not more, guided its deliberations. He, 
too, was the author of the letter accompanying the Constitution 
signed by Washington, and addressed to the President of Congress, 
He it was who, with Jay and Hamilton, sustained the Constitution 
by those essays, which under the name of the "Federalist," have 
attained the dignity of a text-book and a classic He it was who, 
more than any one man, braced the nerves of the Convention of 
1 788, while Henry, George Mason, Grayson and Monroe were breath- 
ing awful imprecations on the head of the new system; and who 
drafted the form of ratification of that instrument by the body, 
a form destined to be known better hereafter than it is at present. 



190 History of Orange County 

[This was prophetic, as the people of Virginia learned to their sor- 
row in 1 84 1.] He it was who repaired to New York and assisted 
in the deliberations of the first Congress. He it was whose influence 
was felt in the Federal councils, either by his personal presence as 
a member of the House of Representatives, Secretary of State, 
and President, or by his writings from 1786, when Virginia adopted 
his resolution inviting the meeting at Annapolis, to the moment of 
the assembling of the body of which he was then a member. The 
history of that one man was the history of his country. There, to 
the extreme left of the chair, as it then stood, dressed in black, with 
an olive-colored overcoat, now and then raising his hand to his 
powdered hair, and studiously attentive to every speaker, he was 
sitting before you. 

When Mr. Madison took his seat in the Convention, he was in 
the seventy-ninth [78th] year of his age ; yet, though so far advanced 
in life, and entitled alike by age and position to ease, he attended 
the meetings of the body during a session of three months and a 
half, without the loss, so far as I now remember, of more than a 
single day. That he was entitled to the chair, and that the tiniver- 
sal expectation was that he should receive that honor, none knew 
better, or could have acknowledged more gracefuU)'', than Mr. 
Monroe. He spoke but two or three times, when he ascertained 
that his voice was too low to be heard ; possibly, too, he might have 
been averse from mingling too closely in the bitter strifes of a new 
generation. When he rose to speak, the members, old as well as 
young, left their seats, and, like children about to receive the words 
of wisdom from the lips of an aged father, gathered around him. 
That he still retained the vigor of his intellect, and that unap- 
proachable grace in his written compositions, his two short speeches, 
written out by himself, and his letters to Mr. Cabell, Mr. Everett, 
and Mr. IngersoU, on the tariff, bank and nullification controver- 
sies, show clearly enough. 

As a speaker, Mr. Madison was more distinguished by intellect- 
ual than physical qualities. * * * Several of the finest pas- 
sages in his speeches in the Virginia Federal Convention are lost to 
posterity from the weakness of his voice. 

When it is remembered that the favorable vote of Virginia was 
alone wanting to save the Constitution, eight States having already 
ratified it, and that North Carolina and Rhode Island afterwards 



Biographical Sketches 191 

refused to adopt it, it is more than probable that its rejection by the 
largest State in the Union, as Virginia then was, would have settled 
its fate, and the Federal Constitution would have sunk to rise no 
more. 

If the adoption of that system were wise and proper; if it has 
shed botindless blessings on our own people, and lifted its cheering 
light to the eyes of the oppressed of every clime ; and if such a glori- 
ous result can be traced to the action of any one State and any one 
man, Virginia is the State, and James Madison is the man, to whom 
honor is due. 

Whatever he did was thoroughly done. The memorial on 
religious freedom, prepared by him in 1780, in which he demon- 
strated, perhaps for the first time, the cardinal doctrines which 
ought to control governments in matters of religion, was mainly 
efficient in putting an end to that tmnatural connection between 
church and state to which some of the ablest statesmen of the Revo- 
lution, guided by early prejudices, too closely adhered, and will 
henceforth appear, as well from the beauty of its style as from the 
weight of its philosophy, among the most conspicuous religious 
landmarks in the history of our race. He was the delight of the 
social circle, and seemed incapable of imputing a harsh motive to 
any human being. 

His wife, whose elegance diffused a lustre over his public career, 
and who was the light of his irural home, accompanied him to Rich- 
mond, and, as you left their presence, it was impossible not to 
rejoice that Providence had allotted to such a couple an old age so 
lovely. 

"If I were called upon," said Chief Justice Marshall, 
"to say who of all the men I have known had the 
greatest power to convince, I should, perhaps, say Mr. 
Madison, while Mr. Henry had, without doubt, the 
greatest power to persuade." (Henry's Life of Patrick 
Henry, Vol. II. 376.) 

He was the author, in part, of Washington's "Fare- 
well Address," and of the splendid inscription on Hou- 



192 History of Orange County 

don's statue of Washington, which has no superior of 
its kind : 

"The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia have 
caused this statue to be erected as a monument of affection and 
gratitude to George Washington, who, imiting to the endowments 
of the hero the virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in es- 
tablishing the liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear 
to his fellow citizens, and given to the world an immortal ex- 
ample of true glory." 

Mills, Roger Q. Bom in the Pamunkey neighbor- 
hood, March 30, 1832, and went first to Kentucky, and 
then to Texas; served through the war; Member of 
Congress, 1872-92; chairman of House Committee 
of Ways and Means and author of the "Mills Tariff 
Bill," which became a political issue and was defeated ; 
United States Senator, 1892-99. 

Morton, Jackson. Brother of Jeremiah, was 
United States Senator from Florida, 1849-1855; mem- 
ber of the Confederate Provisional Congress. 

Morton, Jeremiah. Bom 17 9-; died 187-; elected 
to Thirty-first Congress as a democrat over John S. 
Pendleton, of Culpeper, and served from 1849 to 1851 ; 
represented the County in the Convention of 1861 ; 
was a secessionist. His home was "Morton Hall," near 
Raccoon Ford. 

Newman, James, of "Hilton." Bom 1806, died 
1886; was a noted agriculttuist and a gentleman 
of large information; was president of the State 
Agricultural Society, and did much to promote the 



Biographical Sketches 193 

improvement of stock in Orange, introducing and long 
maintaining the notable Cotswold breed of sheep. His 
most important work was a series of sketches, published 
in a local paper, relating to the early history and tra- 
ditions of the Coimty, at the request of Dr. George 
W. Bagby. Most diligent search has been made for 
these sketches, but no trace of them has been found. 

Spotswood, or Spottiswood, Alexander, called by 
Colonel Byrd the "Tubal Cain of Virginia," the real 
protagonist of Orange County, was bom at Tangier, 
in 1676. He entered the army, was wounded at the 
famous battle of Blenheim., and rose to the rank of 
lieutenant-colonel. In 17 10 he was appointed Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of Virginia under the nominal Governor, 
the Earl of Orkney, and showed himself a conspicu- 
ously energetic administrator, laboring for the good of 
the Colony in divers ways. He rebuilt the college of 
William and Mary, of which college he makes mention 
in his will, recorded in Orange, and took measures for 
the conversion and instruction of Indian children. 
He was the first to cross the Appalachian Mountains, 
the Blue Ridge, in 17 16, and he dealt resolutely with 
the enemies of the Colony, capturing and putting to 
death the famous pirate, Edward Leach, known as 
"Blackbeard," and holding the Indians in check on 
the frontiers. He was superseded as Governor in 1722 
but continued to live in Virginia, and founded Ger- 
manna, where he carried on extensive ironworks and cul- 
tivated vines. In 1730 he was appointed deputy 
postmaster for the Colonies. Commissioned major- 
general in 1740, he was engaged in collecting forces 



194 History of Orange County 

for the expedition against Carthagena, dying at Anna- 
polis in that year. Several of his lineal descendants 
still reside in Orange, and some of the products of his 
iron works are still preserved in the family, notably 
some fire backs with the family crest on them. There 
are portraits of the Governor, of Lady Spotswood, and 
of her brother, General Elliott, in the State Library, 
imputed to Reynolds and Sir Peter Lely, but this claim 
has not been substantiated. See "Dictionary of 
National Biography" (English) and the chapter infra, 
"Progress to the Mines." 

SuMPTER, Gen. Thomas. Born in Orange, 1734; died 
in South Carolina 1832; was probably at Braddock's 
Defeat, and was known, like Gen. Francis Marion, 
as the Swamp Fox of the Revolution; was Mem- 
ber of Congress and United States Senator from South 
Carolina; Minister of United States to Brazil. 
(Vn. Va. Hist. Mag. 243.) 

Taliaferro, James Piper. Son of Dr. Edmimd 
P. Taliaferro, was bom at Orange Courthouse, Sep- 
tember 30, 1847; was educated at William Dinwid- 
dle's classical school at Greenwood, in Albemarle, 
leaving school in 1864 to enter the Confederate army, 
where he served to the end of the war. Soon after the 
war he engaged in business at Jacksonville, Florida, 
and was elected to the United States Senate from that 
State in 1899, and re-elected in 1905, as a democrat. 

Taylor, John, "of Caroline." Nearly all the Ency- 
clopaedias allege that this eminent statesman was bom 
in Orange. This statement is, aftermost careful inquiry, 



Biographical Sketches 195 

ascertained to be an error. The Taylor family of Orange 
was a distingmshed one from the beginning, which prob- 
ably gave rise to the statement. A letter from his 
grand daughter, Mrs. Hubard, confirmed by his great- 
grandson, Mr. Henry T. Wickham, seems to establish 
the fact that his birthplace was "Mill Farm" in Caro- 
line; so Orange will have to resign this distinction. 

Taylor, Zachary. Twelfth President of the United 
States; was bom in Orange, November 24, 1784; son 
of Lieut. -Col. Richard Taylor, an officer of the Revo- 
lution and one of the first settlers of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, where Zachary was taken in early childhood and 
grew up to his twenty-fourth year, working on a planta- 
tion, with only the simplest rudiments of an education. 
His elder brother, a lieutenant in the regular army, died in 
1808, and he was appointed to the vacancy ; promoted 
captain in 1810. In 1812, with fifty men, two-thirds 
of them ill with fever, he defended Fort Harrison, on 
the Wabash, against a large force of Indians, led by the 
famous Tecumseh. Promoted major for gallantry, he 
was employed during the war of 1812 in fighting the 
Indian allies of Great Britain. In 1832 he served as 
colonel in the Black Hawk War, and in 1836 he gained 
an important victory over the Seminole Indians at 
Okechobee, and was made a brigadier and commander 
of the United States forces in Florida. In 1846 he 
defeated General Arista at Palo Alto, with a force of 
2,300 against 6,000, and, a few days after this battle, 
drove him across the Rio Grande at Resaca de la Pakna ; 
September 9, being now a major-general, with 6,625 ^^n 



196 History of Orange County 

he attacked Monterey, defended by 10,000 regular 
troops, and after ten days' siege, and three of hard figh- 
ting, the city capitulated. General Scott, advancing 
on the city of Mexico, withdrew a portion of Taylor's 
troops, leaving him only 500 regulars and 5,000 volun- 
tiers to meet an army of 2 1 ,000 commanded by Presi- 
dent Santa Anna. Taking a strong position at Buena 
Vista he fought a desperate battle and won a signal 
victory. This victory, against enormous odds, created 
great enthusiasm and General Taylor, popularly called 
"Old Rough and Ready," was nominated for the presi- 
dency over Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and Gen. 
Winfield Scott, and was triumphantly elected over 
Lewis Cass, the Democratic nominee, and Martin Van 
Buren and Charles Francis Adams, Free Soil candidates. 

Worn down by the unaccustomed turmoil of politics, 
the good-natured old soldier did not long enjoy his 
honors. He died of bilious colic within less than five 
months after his inauguration. (Chambers's Ency- 
clopaedia) 

In 1848 the General Assembly of Virginia voted him 
a sword with the inscription : "Presented by Virginia, 
to her distinguished son, Major-Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
for his gallantry and conduct at Palo Alto, Resaca de 
la Palma, Monterey and Buena Vista." He was also 
presented, as the chief hero of the Mexican war, with the 
splendid silk sash on which the body of General Brad- 
dock was borne from the field of his defeat; which, 
stained with Braddock's blood, is still the property 
of his granddaughter, who was lately living in Winches- 
ter, Virginia. 



Biographical Sketches 197 

Waddel, James. Bom 1739, either in Ireland or 
else on the Atlantic while his parents were en route 
to this Country. It is not known that he ever resided 
in Orange, but his name is indelibly associated with 
that of the County by reason of William Wirt's cele- 
brated apotheosis of him in the "British Spy", which 
follows. He built the church, known as "Belle Grove" 
of which there is a picture and description herein. 
His home was "Hopewell," the residence of the late 
Mr. Clay Baker, on the Charlottesville road, near the 
comer of Orange with Louisa and Albemarle. He was 
buried at Hopewell, and an imposing but unpretentious 
marble shaft marked his grave. The "Waddell Mem- 
orial" Church near Rapidan was named for him, and 
permission was got from his heirs to remove his remains 
thither. Mr. Baker superintended the exhumation. 
He told me that after having dug very deep in the 
grave, no sign, even of a coffin, could be found. After 
the closest scrutiny something that looked like the 
dust of decayed wood was discovered, and then a few 
nails, nearly consumed by rust, and a button. A spadeful 
of dust was taken out of the grave along with the nails 
and button, and reverently deposited in the church- 
yard. He had been buried about seventy-five years. 
Mr. Madison's remains, after twenty years' interment, 
showed little sign of dissolution, (See the paragraph 
about his tomb.) 

The following extract from Mr. Wirt's writings has 
long been considered a masterpiece of rhetoric, and it 
ought to be read, marked, learned and inwardly digested 
by every citizen of Orange; and though it has been 



198 History of Orange County 

often published in sundry books, no history of the 
County ought to omit it. 

It was one Sunday, as I travelled through the county of Orange, 
that my eye was caught by a cluster of horses tied near a ruinous 
old wooden house in the forest, not far from the roadside. Having 
frequently seen such objects before, in travelling through these 
States, I had no difficulty in tinderstanding that this was a place of 
religious worship. 

Devotion alone should have stopped me, to join in the duties of 
the congregation; but I must confess that curiosity to hear the 
preacher of such a wilderness was not the least of my motives. On 
entering, I was struck with his preternatural appearance. He was 
a tall and very spare, old man. His head, which was covered with 
a white cap, his shrivelled hands, and his voice, were all shaking under 
the influence of a palsy; and a few moments ascertained to me that 
he was perfectly blind. 

The first emotions which touched my breast were those of min- 
gled pity and veneration. But ah! sacred God! how soon were all 
my feelings changed! The lips of Plato were never more worthy of 
a prognostic swarm of bees than were the lips of this holy man! 
It was a day of the administration of the sacrament; and his sub- 
ject, of course, was the passion of our Savior. I had heard the sub- 
ject handled a thousand times. I had thought it exhausted long 
ago. Little did I suppose that in the wild woods of America I was 
to meet with a man whose eloquence would give to this topic a new 
and more sublime pathos than I had ever before witnessed. 

As he descended from the pulpit to distribute the mystic symbols, 
there was a peculiar, a more than human solemnity in his air and 
manner, which made my blood run cold, and my whole frame shiver. 

He then drew a picture of the sufferings of our Savior; his trial 
before Pilate; his ascent up Calvary; his crucifixion, and his death. 
I knew the whole history; but never, until then, had I heard the 
circvunstances so selected, so arranged, so colored! It was all new, 
and I seemed to have heard it for the first time in my life. His 
enunciation was so deliberate that his voice trembled on every syl- 
lable, and every heart in the assembly trembled in unison. His pecu- 
liar phrases had that force of description, that the original scene 
appeared to be, at that moment, acting before our eyes. We saw 
the very faces of the Jews : the staring, frightful distortions of mal- 
ice and rage. We saw the buffet; my soul kindled with a flame of 



Biographical Sketches 199 

indignation, and my hands were involuntarily and convulsively 
clenched. But when he came to touch on the patience, the for- 
giving meekness of our Savior; when he drew to the life, his blessed 
eyes streaming in tears to heaven ; his voice breathing to God a soft 
and gentle prayer of pardon on his enemies, "Father, forgive them, 
for they know not what they do " — the voice of the preacher, which 
had all along faltered grew fainter and fainter, until his utterance 
being entirely obstructed by the force of his feelings, he raised his 
handkerchief to his eyes and burst into a loud and irrepressible 
flood of grief. The effect is inconceivable. The whole hoiise 
resounded with the mingled groans, and sobs, and shrieks of the con- 
gregation. 

It was some time before the tumult had subsided so far as to per- 
mit him to proceed. Indeed, judging b}'' the usual, but fallacious 
standard of my own weakness, I began to be very uneasy for the 
situation of the preacher. For I could not conceive how he would 
be able to let his audience down from the height to which he had 
wound them, without impairing the solemnity and dignity of his 
subject, or perhaps shocking them by the abruptness of the fall. 
But no; the descent was as beautiful and sublime as the elevation 
had been rapid and enthusiastic. 

The first sentence with which he broke the awful silence was a 
quotation from Rousseau, "Socrates died Hke a philosopher, but 
Jesus Christ like a God! " 

I despair of giving you any idea of the effect produced by this 
short sentence, imless you could perfectly conceive the whole man- 
ner of the man, as well as the peculiar crisis in the discourse. Never 
before did I completely imderstand what Demosthenes meant by 
laying such stress on delivery. You are to bring before you the 
venerable figure of the preacher; his bhndness constantly recalling 
to your recollection old Homer, Ossian, and Milton, and associating 
with his performance the melancholy grandeur of their geniuses. 
You are to imagine that you hear his slow, solemn, well-accented 
enunciation, and his voice of affecting, trembling melody; you are 
to remember the pitch of passion and enthusiasm to which the con- 
gregation were raised; and then the few minutes of portentous, 
deathlike silence which reigned throughout the house ; the preacher 
removing his white handlcerchief from his aged face, (even yet wet 
from the recent torrent of his tears) , and slowly stretching forth the 
palsied hand which holds it, begins the sentence, "Socrates died 
like a philosopher;" then pausing, raising his other hand, pressing 



200 History of Orange County 

them both clasped together with warmth and energy to his breast, 
lifting his "sightless balls" to heaven, and pouring his whole sonl 
into his tremulous voice "but Jesus Christ like a God! " If he had 
been indeed and in truth an angel of light, the effect could scarcely 
have been more divine. 

Williams, Lewis Burwell. Theyoungest son of Wil- 
liam Clayton and Alice Burwell Williams, was bom in 
the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia, on January 27, 
1802. His parents moved to the city of Richmond 
when he was six years old. 

Mr. Williams attended school in Richmond and at 
the age of fourteen entered Princeton ; he studied law 
and began the practice of his profession in Culpeper. 
In 1825 he removed to Orange, where he practiced his 
profession until his death in 1880. He represented his 
county in the Virginia Legislature in 1833. In 183 1 
he was appointed attorney for the Commonwealth, 
which office he filled by successive appointment and 
election until his death in 1880, a period of forty-nine 
years. 

Opposed to secession, he was a candidate for the 
Convention of 1861, and was defeated by Jeremiah 
Morton, a pronoimced secessionist. 

After his State seceded he became an ardent sup- 
porter of the Southern cause, his four sons entering 
the army. 

He was a devoted member of St. Thomas Episcopal 
Church. For many years he was its senior warden 
and frequently represented his church in the Diocesan 
councils. 

WooLFOLK, John. Bom — ; died 1858; represented 
the county in the Reform Convention of 1 8 5 0-5 1 , and was 



Biographical Sketches 201 

greatly beloved by all his contemporaries, as the follow- 
ing resolutions, entered of record in the order book of 
January, 1858, on the motion of Lewis B. Williams, 
abimdantly prove : 

That in his death, the people of the Cotinty of Orange, have lost 
a friend, who in the varied relations of representative, lawyer, and 
citizen was able, honest and faithful, brave, generous and disinter- 
ested, with talents of the highest order, and an integrity of purpose 
and action, which was never subjected to suspicion, he has left 
behind him the memory which will be cherished by his cotmty- 
men, of eminent ability, enlightened patriotism and incorruptible 
virtue. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



Historic and Other Homes.* 

Barboursville. Near the village of the same 
name. The illustration is the least pleasing of all, 
failing as it does, to reproduce the fine proportions of 
the handsome old mansion. The water color from 
which it was taken was painted in the long ago, and 
before the fine box hedges, which have constituted a 
striking feature of the lawn for many years, had attain- 
ed any size. 

The house was built by Governor Barbour, about 
1822. The exterior was not unlike Frascati; the 
interior was far and away the handsomest in the 
County and probably in Virginia. From a massive 
pediment portico the entrance was into a spacious 
hexagonal salon, having a dome ceiling and an elevation 
to the roof; adjoining this was the drawing-room, an 
octagon of like stately proportions and more ornately 
finished, which opened on another handsome portico. 
On the same floor was the state dining-room with 
nearly as lofty a pitch. 

This house, which Mr. Jefferson helped to plan, and 
which was the abode of refined hospitality during the 
Governor's time and that of his son, Mr. Johnson Bar- 
bour, was burned down Christmas Day, 1884. The 
walls and the columns of the porticos are yet stand- 

*The illustrations are, with very few exceptions, after photographs taken by 
Mr. Cook, of Richmond, in 1907. 

202 



Historic and Other Homes 203 

ing, mantled now by a luxuriant growth of English 
ivy and other vines. 

Remembering many happy days there, I pay the 
ruins the passing tribute of a tear. 

Burlington. Burlington, proper, is a handsome 
home built by James Barbour Newman, about a mile 
east of Barboursville. The illustration represents a 
house in the back yard, historic because John Ran- 
dolph of Roanoke lived there while at school in Orange. 

In colonial times the place was owned by the Burn- 
leys, who are buried there, one of whom was a Burgess, 
and an officer in the Revolution. 

Cameron Lodge. Near Gordonsville ; the seat of 
Col. Alexander Cameron, on the crest of the South- 
west Mountains. Here is a tower where all the charms 
of an extended and beautiful landscape may be seen. 
To the right, the Blue Rtm and Rapidan valleys, with 
a background of the Blue Ridge ; in front the undula- 
tions of the Southwest range; on the left, the town 
at the base of the moimtain and far as the eye can 
reach the wooded plain extending to Richmond and 
beyond. 

The illustration shows the house; it does not show 
the handsome approach to it, nor the ornamental 
hedges which line the way, nor the fields where 
Jerseys andSouthdownsare cropping the green herbage. 

Campbellton. Near Barboursville; was the home 
of Captain William Campbell, of the Revolution and 
subsequently a major in the United States army. Here 
. Gen. Winfield Scott was a frequent visitor. 



204 History of Orange County 

Church of the Blind Preacher. This stood 
near Gordonsville, and was known as "Belle Grove" 
church. The illustration is from an old print in Howe's 
History of Virginia, published in 1845. Mr. Hunt, in 
his Life of Madison, narrates that the latter 's mother 
was a frequent attendant there and a great admirer 
of Mr. Waddel. (See sketch of Waddel, and the chapter 
on Colonial churches.) 

Clifton. Near Madison Run; said to be the oldest 
framed house erected in the County, though 
'"Bloomsbury" contests that distinction, and it is prob- 
able that Governor Spotswood's residence at Germanna 
antedated both. There is nothing notable about the 
house but its age, and the fact that it was built of pit- 
sawn lumber, with hand-wrought nails, and that some 
of the window-panes, said to be the first in the County, 
almost prove their antiquity by their greenish tint and 
uneven surfaces. It was built about 1729 by John 
Scott, whose son was a member of the Committee of 
Safety, captain of a company of Minute Men in the 
Revolution and whose record is sufficiently disclosed in 
the general narrative. 

The oldest tombstone standing in the County is in 
the graveyard here — Jane, wife of John Scott "bom 
1699, died 1731." 

Frascati. Near Somerset; was built some time 
before 1830 for Judge Phihp Pendleton Barbour, the 
workmen being of those who had been engaged in 
building the University. Until long since the war. 



Historic and Other Homes 205 

there was a "serpentine" brick wall around the garden, 
identical with those now at the University and at 
Barboursville house. Since Judge Barbour's death 
there have been many owners. Col James Magruder 
owned it for some years prior to the war, and 
there the gallant Magruder boys, whose history is 
sketched in another chapter, were reared. There have 
been some alterations in the interior, and dormer win- 
dows have been set in the roof in recent years. The 
house, as the illustration shows, is very imposing in 
appearance. It is constructed of such excellent mate- 
rial and with such fine workmanship that it is said the 
floors will hold water like a bucket. 

It is now owned by Mr. A. D. Irving, Jr., a near 
relative of Washington Irving one of the most famous 
of American authors whose writings are cherished 
in every land where the English language is known. 

Hawfield. About midway between Orange and 
Raccoon Ford. It was bought in 1847 by Mr. Jona- 
than Graves for his only daughter, Fanny Elizabeth, 
the wife of William G. Crenshaw, and since that time 
has continued in the Crenshaw family. The original 
house, built before 1790, was enlarged in 188 1 to its 
present handsome proportions by Captain William 
G. Crenshaw, with the least possible change of the old 
mansion. It adorns a beautiful estate of more than 
three thousand acres, which constitute an object lesson 
in intelligent farming. A portion of the tract once 
belonged to the Conway family, of Revolutionary 
memory. 



'Vwf 



206 History of Orange County 

Locust Lawn. On the Marquis's road in Pamunkey ; 
was a tavern during the Revolution. Now owned by 
Mrs. Margaret Pannill, widow of Dr. David Pannill, 
and her sisters. 

Madison's Tomb. This monolith was erected 
about 1856 by private subscriptions, mostly by admir- 
ers of Madison outside the County The date of birth 
is an error, as explained in the sketch of Madison, infra. 
The smaller tombstone in the illustration is that of 
Mrs. Madison, and curious to say, Maude Wilder Good- 
win, in her "Life of Dolly Madison," complains of a 
wrong inscription on her tombstone also. She died 
July 12, not July 8, as the inscription reads, and she 
signed her name "Dolly," not "Dolley," to her will, 
which was dated on the 9th. She was buried first in 
Washington, D. C, in 1849, and her remains were not 
brought to Montpelier until about 1858. As her own 
nephew, not Madison's, erected the tombstone, the 
error must be imputed to him. 

The inscription on Madison's tomb is: 

MADISON 

BORN MARCH 1 6, 1 7$ I. 
DIED JUNE 28, 1836. 

I have been told that when the stone was erected it 
was necessary to take up his remains in order to get a 
safe foimdation. The cofhn was opened, and, except 
that one cheek was a little sunken, his appearance 
was the same as in life ; but disintegration began imme- 
diately, and the coffin had to be closed. He had been 
buried about twenty years. 




TOMB OF MADISON 



Page 206 



Historic and Other Homes 207 

Mayhurst. Near Orange Courthouse; the resi- 
dence of Mr. William G. Crenshaw, Jr. This farm 
was embraced in the Baylor grant, and the mountain 
near by is still known as Baylor's Moimtain. The 
first residence was that of Mr. Howard who married a 
Miss Taylor, of Orange. Col. John Willis bought the 
farm about 1859, and built the handsome residence 
shown in the illustration. Gen. A. P. Hill's headqtiar- 
ters were in the yard in the winter of 1863-64, and 
one of his daughters was christened in the house. 

Mr. Crenshaw has furnished his countymen with 
an object lesson in road building by constructing a 
model macadamized road from Mayhurst to the county 
road. 

MoNTEBELLO. Near Gordonsville. Here was bom 
Zachary Taylor, though a tablet has been erected to mark 
another spot as his birthplace, "Hare Forest, "about mid- 
way between Orange and Rapidan and near the Southern 
Railway ; a mere thicket now. It can not be gainsaid that 
there is some groimd for the claim for the latter place, 
but the evidence, collected many years ago, seems con- 
clusive as to Montebello. I was so informed nearly forty 
years since by Mr. Benjamin Johnson, whose ancestor 
owned the place and lived there when Taylor was bom ; 
by Mr. Johnson Barbour, whose parents, were kins- 
people and contemporaries of the Taylors, and who had 
often so informed him ; by Col. John Willis, who said he 
had often heard "Uncle Howard," another contempo- 
rary, who married a near kinswoman of the General, 
say so; and finally Major Erasmus Taylor, who died 



2o8 History of Orange County 

recently, said to me that there was no doubt as to the 
fact. The deed books do not show that Col. Richard 
Taylor, his father, ever lived at "Hare Forest," and his 
name does not appear in the census of 1782, though he 
may then have been with the army. The evidence, all 
of which is traditional, seems overwhelmingly in favor 
of Montebello. The house has been much mod- 
ernized. Mr. Benjamin Johnson, the proprietor, gave 
me this tradition certainly as long ago as 1875. The 
Taylor family, he said, started to remove to the West 
in road wagons. The Johnsons were their kinspeople, 
and their house was the goal of the first day's journey. 
One of the company became very ill during the night and 
this illness occasioned a delay of six weeks. During 
that time Zachary Taylor was bom. That is the "tale 
as told to me," nearly forty years ago. 

MoNTPELiER. About four miles from Orange Court- 
house. The first dwelling house stood not far from the 
cemetery, in the direction of the present mansion. 
Nearly five thousand acres were patented by Ambrose 
Madison and Thomas Chew in 1723. 

Col. John Willis, a great-nephew of James, Jr., was 
told by him that the nucleus of the present structure 
was built when he was a mere lad, capable of carrying 
in his hands some of the lighter furniture from the old 
house to the new : which would fix the date at about 1 7 60 . 
It was a plain rectangular structure, with a hall running 
through the centre having two rooms on each side. Its 
identity has been so merged in the grander house that 
it can not now be differentiated from it. The chief 
enlargements were made in 1809, after designs by Wil- 




so 



05 
W 
»— t 

o 



Historic and Other Homes 209 

Ham Thornton, architect of the Capitol at Washington ; 
and Latrobe lent his assistance in further improve- 
ments, which included the addition of the wings. "The 
result was simplicity, but symmetry of proportion and 
faultlessness of taste." The grounds are as hand- 
some as the buildings, and the prospect very command- 
ing — an unbroken stretch of ninety miles of the Blue 
Ridge, which constitutes an almost perfect crescent. 
Arlington is the only place in Virginia that can com- 
pare with it in the beauty of its immediate surround- 
ings. 

The present owner, William du Pont, Esq., has added 
another story to the wings, but the addition was so 
artistically made that it is impossible to tell where 
the old work ended and the new began. 

The beautifully terraced garden laid out in the form 
of a horseshoe was Madison's own plan. Subsequent 
owners sadly neglected it, to say the least. This Mr. 
du Pont has not only restored, but has also converted 
into a flower garden exclusively, which for richness and 
variety of color and foliage is not surpassed, if equalled, 
by the horticultural gardens at Washington ; and he 
has also decorated it with pleasing statuary. The 
ice house, which is surmounted by an ornamental 
colonnade, was dug in 1809, and is believed to have 
been the first attempt at keeping ice made in the 
Piedmont section. 

Mount Sharon. Near Nason's; the residence of 
Mr. C. C. Taliaferro, to whom the plantation has des- 
cended in a direct line from a Crown grant. The illus- 



2IO History of Orange County 

tration shows the stately and gi-aceful proportions of 
the mansion. There is a greater variety of prospect 
from it than from any other point known to me in the 
County. There are perhaps more picturesque views 
of the Blue Ridge at other points, but for majestic and 
rugged outlines there are none to compare with the 
outlook from Mt. Sharon ; and the varied landscape of 
Clarke's Mountain adds another charm to the prospect. 

Oakhill. Two miles northeast of Gordonsville, 
was the home of Francis Cowherd,"" of Point Pleasant 
fame, who was a captain in the Revolution. Present 
owners, his descendants of the same name. 

Pleasant View. In the lower part of the County, 
not far from the Spotsylvania line. It was built for 
Mr. Jonathan Graves about 1830, and is now owned 
by Mr. W. G. Crenshaw, Jr., his grandson. It was long 
the residence of Capt. R. Perrin Graves. 

RocKLANDS. Near Gordonsville. The first resi- 
dence on this plantation was built for Mr. Edmund 
Henshaw, near the middle of the last century. He 
soon sold to Mr. Richard Barton Haxall, who gave 
it the name "Rocklands," and greatly enlarged and 
improved both the house and farm. The present owner, 
Mr. Thomas Atkinson, had about completed many 
improvements of the mansion when it was burned 
down in 1905. 

The present mansion is one of the handsomest houses 
in the County, and, as the illustration shows, is in the 
colonial style of architecture. The "outlook" from 



Historic and Other Homes 211 

the front portico is pleasing, near and far ; beautiful 
greensward, ornamental hedges, an artificial water 
view and undulating fields constitute the nearer land- 
scape ; to the left the highest reaches of the Southwest 
Mountains in full view, and in front the inspiring hori- 
zon of the Blue Ridge — a moral and a mental tonic to 
any lover of nature. 

Well did Sir Walter say that if he could not see the 
Scotch heather once a year he would die. So feel those 
whose occasional view of the Blue Ridge has 
become almost a necessary part of their enjoyment of 
life. 

Rose Hill. Near Rapidan; the home of Law- 
rence Taliaferro, first colonel of the "Culpeper" Minute 
Men, whose grave there is in a sad state of neglect and 
almost if not quite unknown. The fine mansion, built 
by Mr. Lewis Crenshaw and enlarged by Mr. Bresee, is 
not the simple story-and-a-half colonial structure with 
dormer windows and without a porch in which Col. 
Taliaferro lived; but the place is historic, as having 
been his home. 

Soldier's Rest. Near Raccoon Ford ; not Kelly's 
Ford (which is on the Rappahannock,) as stated in 
the genealogy of the Bruce family in the Virginia His- 
torical Magazine, Vol. H. 328. It was built prior to 
the Revolution by Charles Bruce, a captain in that 
war, and was later the residence of his son-in-law, 
James Williams, captain in the Revolution and major- 
general in the war of 181 2; and then of Dr. George 
Morton, who married General Williams's daughter. 



212 History of Orange County 

The place is now owned by Judge James W. Morton, 
of Orange. The house, as reproduced herein from a 
cut in the above named magazine, was burned down 
in 1857. 

Somerset. Near the railroad station named for 
it. Probably no house in the county occupies such 
a commanding site as this, blending in one prospect 
the water view of the Rapidan and Blue Run, the latter 
stream running quite through the plantation, and 
both ranges of mountains in all their convolutions. 

The mansion was erected in 1803 for Mr. Thomas 
Macon, who married a sister of President Madison. 
Shortly after its completion there came an unprecedent- 
ed windstorm which lifted the massive roof and slightly 
changed its position. The same storm struck "Tetley", 
near the mouth of Blue Run, and left not a fragment 
of a bam nearly completed, but swept every piece of 
timber across the river into Madison. Such is the tra- 
dition, as narrated to me by the "elders." 

This plantation, one of the finest in the County, has 
long been owned by the Gk)ss family, and the beauty of 
the surroimdings of the mansion is wholly due to the 
taste and energy of Mrs. Ann Goss, the mother of the 
present owners. 

WooDLEY. Near Madison Run; the colonial part 
built by Ambrose Madison, brother of James, Jr., who 
was a captain in the Revolution. The commodious, 
wings were added by his daughter, Mrs. Nelly Willis, 
and it is now a handsome home, owned by Mr. W.W. 



CO 

O 

w 
to 

CO 



so 




to 



Historic and Other Homes 213 

Sanford, who has greatly improved this naturally fine 
estate. 

Wood Park. Near Rapidan. The first building 
was erected by Mr, Baldwin Taliaferro, son of Col. 
Lawrence Taliaferro of "Rose Hill," of which estate 
this was a part. 

This is a composite building of many architects, 
but to Gol. George Willis, the grandfather of the present 
owner, Dr. Murat Willis, belongs the credit of its embel- 
lishment, the drawing-room especially being of very 
fine porportions, and notably handsome. It is a delight- 
ful and charming old country home in one of the most 
fertile and beautiful sections of the County. 

Other Historic Houses. Beginning at the upper 
end of the County, and not including houses specially 
mentioned, the following ought to be named ; and doubt- 
less others also, about which the writer is not informed. 
He does not, purposely, omit any that are entitled to 
mention, but names all that he has knowledge of, either 
personally or on the information of friends. He was 
promised information that has not been furnished, and, 
the book must come to an end without further waiting : 

The residence of the Barbours at Gordonsville was 
a famous hostelry and relay house in the stagecoach 
days, being on the main line to Philadelphia and New 
York, the former Federal capitals, where the statesmen 
of that day stopped, going and coming. Some apocry- 
phal stories of John Randolph, Henry Clay and others 
are still told in connection with this house. From its 
porch LaFayette addressed an enthusiastic assemblage 



214 History of Orange County 

of citizens from Orange and the suiTounding counties, 
who came to bid him welcome on his triumphal tour in 
1826. It belonged to the Gordon family, and, indeed, 
with the two houses nearly opposite, constituted Gor- 
donsville for many years. 

Bloomingdale, near Somerset, was the home of 
Thomas Barbour, whose house stood several hundred 
yards northeast of the present mansion . ' 'Tetley , ' ' near- 
by, was the home of a Capt. William Smith, but was 
so named by Mr. Charles J. Stovin, who owned it for 
many years. Bloomfield is the old Newman home, now 
owned by Judge Newman, and greatly improved . Hazel- 
hurst is the handsome home of Mr, Frank Nalle, near 
Somerset. The old Winslow house, near Poplar Run, 
burned down six years ago, was a genuine type of the 
colonial period. Walnut Hills, near Madison Mills, 
was the Orange home of Governor Kemper. Green- 
field, now owned by Mr. Richard Booten, was one of 
the old Taylor homes; the present house was built 
for Mr. Thomas Scott ; some of the oldest tombstones 
in the county are there. Yatton, so named by Mr. 
Lewis B. Williams who lived and died there, was for- 
merly "Midland," another of the Taylor homes, as is 
also Meadow Farm, which is still in the Taylor family. 
Selma was the home of the "beloved physician," Dr. 
Peyton Gr^'-mes. Retreat, formerly Willis Grove, now 
owned by the heirs of Dr. Charles Conway, was the 
home of "Gentleman Billy" Willis, and a merry place in 
days of yore. Chestnut Hill, now owned by Mr. W. 
G. Crenshaw Jr., was the home of Dr. Uriel Terrell, 
famous in old days as a favorite hostlery of Henry 



Historic and Other Homes 215 

Clay and other statesmen; the old Taliaferro home, 
near Rapidan, a Crown grant in 1726, now 
owned by Mr. John Taliaferro ; Morton Hall, Lessland, 
former homes, of Hon. Jeremiah Morton; Vaucluse, of 
y^' the ancient and aristocratic Grymes family; another 
Somerset, near Germanna — these are all old, and in a 
sense, historic homes. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



Being a Personal Retrospect. 

After more than five years of research and endeavor, 
this book is submitted to the indulgence of the public 
in the confidence of work conscientiously done ; yet not 
without misgivings. 

In writing history the personal note may never be 
sounded, and this chapter, not intended to be a part 
of the "history," is added, that some things not conso- 
nant with dignified narrative may be said. 

Imprimis, it would be ungrateful not to acknowledge 
with genuine cordiality the encouragement received at 
the hands of gentlemen not native to the County and 
therefore not intimately interested in its history, yet 
without whose public spirit and liberality it is more 
than doubtful whether this book could ever have 
attained the dignity of type. He is an indifferent philos- 
opher who is ashamed of being poor; he is none at 
all who does not recognize the limitations of that con- 
dition. So, let it be said at once and once for all, that 
its publication is due to the liberality of those who have 
contributed to the illustrations; which, in the writer's 
judgment, constitute a very valuable historical feature. 

Some of these have been contributed by personal 
friends who have, perhaps, denied themselves in order 
to perpetuate cherished historical memories; others 

216 



Being a Personal Retrospect, 217 

by gentlemen who know the writer casually, or not 
at all, and who have taken on trust his promise to 
write a history of the County. 

He can not forbear to thank both friends and stran- 
gers, nor to hope that they will think he has at least 
tried to keep faith. 

And now comes the inevitable and irrepressible Ego, 
being a summary of the reasons that induced me to 
attempt this book. I knew many of the old people of 
the County — Dr. Uriel Terrell, who died aged 94 ; Mr. 
James Barbour Newman, a kinsman, who died aged 
97 ; Mr. Johnson Barbour, my kinsman and my 
Maecenas, whose mind was stored and saturated by 
his father and mother with the history and traditions 
of Orange. 

Only suppose that I had collected from them, and 
had preserved in this book, all they could and gladly 
would have told me ! What a book it might then have 
been, which now it can never be! 

History ought to be a picture of the time it attempts 
to describe, a picture held up in substance, as it were, 
before the eyes of the reader ; as Hamlet says it should 
"hold the mirror up to nature, and show the very age 
and body of the time his form and pressure." 

I came to the age of immature observ^ation shortly 
after the Reform Constitution of 1850-51 was ratified. 

I remember well the old County Courts before they 
became field-days for fakirs and horse-traders. 
Though now but little past three-score, I remember 
people who wore queues and short breeches — not many 
but a few. I remember when the usual apparel of 



2i8 History of Orange County 

country gentlemen consisted of blue broadcloth 
"swallow tail" coats with brass btittons, nankeen waist- 
coats and trousers; and becoming apparel it was. 
"Vests" and "pantaloons" are modem, and the cut 
of the trousers is wholly different from what it used to 
be. The Rev. Dr. Philip Slaughter told me that he 
wore the first pair of trousers without the old fash- 
ioned "flap" ever seen in Orange; and Mr. Johnson 
Barbour told a story of an old family servant who 
asked his mother, "please not to let the sempstress 
make any of them blackguard breeches for him." 

I remember Henry A. Wise and the great Know 
Nothing Campaign of 1856. 

On the court green at Orange, I have seen Mr. John- 
son Barbour, Mr. James Barbour Newman, Mr. Wood- 
son Campbell, Mr. Benjamin Johnson, Mr. John S. 
Cowherd, Mr. Robert Taylor, Dr. James L. Jones, Col. 
James Magmder, Mr. Barton Haxall, Mr. E. Goss, Mr. 
Charles Stovin, Dr. James Madison, Col. John Willis, 
Major John H. Lee, Messrs. James, Reuben, Thomas 
and John F. Newman, Col. Garrett Scott, and his broth- 
ers John and Charles, Mr. David Meade Bernard, Mr. 
Thomas Scott, Dr. Peyton Grymes, Mr. Lewis B. Wil- 
liams, Mr. Richard Henry WilHs, Col. George Willis, 
Mr. Philip B. Jones, Mr. Joseph Hiden, Mr. Ferdinand 
Jones, Hon. Jeremiah Morton, Mr. George Morton, of 
Pamunkey, Col. John Woolfolk, Mr. Travers Daniel, 
Mr. William C. Moore, Col. Elhanan Row, Mr. Lancelot 
Burrus, Dr. David Pannill, Mr. George Pannill, Mr. 
Philip S. Fry, Dr. Thomas Slaughter, Dr. Horace Talia- 
ferro, Dr. Edmund Taliaferro, Captain Dick Chapman, 



Being a Personal Retrospect. 219 

Mr. John F. Taliaferro, Capt. William G. Crenshaw, 
Col. B. F. Nalle, and many more of the like kind. 
They were mostly past the military age in 1 861, but 
though not "the men behind the guns," they were 
behind the men who were behind them, from 1861 
to 1865. Court days were court days in those times; 
a real educational influence. 

I remember the John Brown raid in 1859, and the 
wild excitement it occasioned, and the apprehension 
of an insurrection, and the nightly patrols. 

I saw Gen. Robert E. Lee, when he passed through 
Orange, April 22, 1861, and I ran off the next day 
and joined the Montpelier Guard, then at Harpers 
Ferry. 

In a log schoolhouse, on the plantation now owned 
by Mr. Thomas Atkinson, I went to school with all the 
Magruder boys but the eldest, and I was in the same 
company with the Burrus boys, whose tragic history 
is narrated in the chapter on the war period. 

I served throughout the world famous "Valley Cam- 
paign," and while a member of the V. M. I. Cadet Bat- 
talion, fired a farewell shot over the grave of Stonewall 
Jackson, the prelude to Appomattox. 

The night before the battle of Winchester, September 
19, 1864, one of the most fateful battles of the war to 
Orange soldiers, I slept in a tent with Wilson S. New- 
man, then commanding the Montpelier Guard, Lieut. 
Martin S. Stringfellow, and Phillip H. Scott, my brother. 
Our reveille the next morning was the bursting of shells 
in the camp. Newman was left for dead on the field. 
Stringfellow was twice wounded during the day, and 



220 History of Orange County 

Scott, after the surging lines had twice passed over 
him, was taken off the field on the shoulders of John 
Noland, a comrade, the son of his father's tenant, as 
Early's army began its final retreat. He was carried 
to a hospital where Dr. Grymes barely had time to 
amputate his leg near the hip ; leaving him on the opera- 
ting table to avoid capture himself. 

Nearly all day long, Christmas, 1864, then a mem- 
ber of the Black Horse Cavalry, I was on the enemy's 
flank while they were at Mr. Barton Haxall's stables, 
now Mr. Atkinson's, their object being the destruction 
of the railroad at Gordonsville. Our people at Gordons- 
ville fired up an old disabled locomotive which they 
would take very quietly down the road to Trevillian, 
and then reversing it would rush back, the whistle 
screeching as if the world were about to come to its end. 
The raiders thought that infantry reinforcements 
were being rushed from Richmond, and after a slight 
skirmish with the home guards, stationed on the crest 
of the mountain near Col. Alexander Cameron's gate, 
retired across the Rapidan. 

I got home from Appomattox April 12, 1865, and 
my brother, one legged and on crutches, met me at the 
door, and, for a few anguished moments, refused 
to believe that Lee had surrendered. I saw and endured 
Reconstruction, including the Black Crook Convention 
of 1867-68, negroes, aliens and all. 

I remember this old Commonwealth in her tranquil 
happiness, before the war; in her majesty during 
the war; in her defeat and humiliation afterwards. 
Thank God I I see her in 1907, peaceful, prosperous, 



Being a Personal Retrospect. 221 

hopeful, recalling with proud emotions the memory 
of Pocahontas and John Smith at Jamestown, and 
celebrating with joyous acclaim the three-hundredth 
anniversary of her settlement. 



APPENDICES. 



APPENDIX A. 

(No Appendix is Indexed.) 



Importations. 



A list of persons who imported themselves, or were 
imported as servants by others, and who afterwards 
proved their importation in order to obtain their "head 
rights" to land in the colony. The date shows the 
year in which proof of importation was made and 
recorded. This list was kindly furnished by Mr. Philip 
H. Fry, for many years clerk of the County and Circuit 
Courts. 



1736. Abel, Joseph 
1740. Anderson, John 

1740. Anderson, George 

1741. Appleby, Robert 
1753. Anderson, Hannah 
1735. Amburger, Conrade 

1735. BouRKS, Martin 

1736. Butler, John 
1735. Bickers, Robert 
1740. Brackenridge, Alex. 
1740. Bell, James 

1740. Brown, Wm. 
1739. Blair, Alex. 

1739. Butler, John 

1740. Black, Thos. 
1740. Brawford, Saml. 
1740. Baskins, W. M. 

1740. Bambridge, Ann 

1741. Bryne, Henry 
1741. Bradstreet, Francis 
1741. Banks, Wm. 

1741. Brown, Thos. 



1746. Buntine, Wm. 

ii747. Brown, John 

1741. Brady, Wm. 

1749. Bird, Saml. 

1755. Bailey, Robt. 

1755. Beasley, Bennet 

1756. Bramham, Francis 
1756. Brown, Anne 
1735. BuRK, Thomas 
1735. BouRKS, John 
1735. Bryan, Dennis 

1735. BiLLINGSLEY, FrANCIS 

1736. Cavenaugh, Philemon 
1740. Crocket, Robt. 
1740. Campbell, Patrick 
1740. Caldwell, James 
1740. Cardhaut, John 
1740. Cole, Wm. 

1740. Caldwell, Geo. 

1740. Crawford, Patrick 

1739. Cathey, James 

1739. Gamble, John 



225 



226 



History of Orange County 



1739- 
1740. 

1740. 
1740. 
1741. 
1745- 
1745- 
1750- 
1751- 
1752. 
1751- 
1744. 
1744. 
1750- 
1749- 
1751- 
1747- 
1743- 
1743- 
1738- 
1755- 
1756. 
1746. 

1735- 
1735- 
1735- 
1740. 
1740. 
1740. 
1740. 

1743- 
^752. 
1749- 
»75i- 
1755- 
1746. 
1746. 
1746. 

1735- 
1735- 
1740. 

1745- 



Cross, Richd. 
Carr, John 

Christopher, Nicholas 
Carr, Jacob 
Crawford, John 
Crawford, Wm. 
Chambers, Elizabeth 
Collins, Ann 
Carney, Timothy 
Carney, Easter 
Chaney, Joseph 
Coleman, John 
Coleman, Margaret 
Cook, Geo. 
Collins, James 
Cole, Edward 
Cook, James 
Cross, Ellioner 
Cooper, Wm. 
Cummins, Alex. 
Cocke, Chas. 
CussiNS, Richd. 
Campbell, Dougald 
Cotton, Joseph 
Drake, Samuel 
Dealmore, John 
Daley, James 
Davidson, John 
Davis, James 
Danning, Elizabeth 
DuNGAN, Margaret 
Dooling, Thomas 
Durham, John 
Drake, Hannah 
Davis, John 
Duff, Arthur 
Duff, Mary 
Duling, John 
Dyer, James 
Dunn, Arthur 
Edmiston, David 
Edgear, Wm. 



1750- 


Eve, Joseph 


I74I. 


Fink, Mark 


1745- 


Frazier, Alex. 


1746. 


Forester, John 


1753- 


FiNLEY, Patrick 


1750- 


Fields, Mary 


1740. 


Fox, James 


1749- 


Ferrell, Honner 


1740. 


Frazer, Robt. 


1755- 


Flanders, Wm. 


1746. 


Frazer, John 


1735. 


Floyd, John 


1735- 


FiNLASON, John 


1735- 


Floyd, Charles 


1736. 


Grant, John 


1740. 


Gilasby, James 


1740. 


Gelasby, Jesse 


1740. 


Gay, Saml. 


1739- 


GiviNS, Saml. 


1739- 


Grady, Mary 


1740. 


Gilasby, Margaret 


1740. 


Gilasby, Matthew 


I74S- 


Gaines, James 


1746. 


Gibson, Abel - 


1746. 


Gibbins, Wm. 


1752. 


Grant, Alex. 


1750- 


Gully, Thos. 


1742. 


Gibson, Margaret - 


1743- 


Green, Edward 


1747- 


Gahagan, Thomas 


1757- 


Golder, John 


1746. 


Grace, Ann 


I73S- 


Green, Robt. 


1735- 


Gray, Wm. 


1740. 


Hays, John 


1740. 


Hays, Patrick 


1740. 


Hook, Robt. 


1740. 


Harrell, John 


1740. 


Hall, Edward 


1740. 


Hutcheson, Wm. 


1740. 


Henderson, Thomas 


1740. 


Hutcheson, Geo. 





Appendix — Impoi 


iTAT 


I740. 


Hopkins, Elizabeth ^ : 


'749- 


I74I. 


Haney, John i 


[746. 


I74I. 


Hart, Henry ] 


'735- 


I74I. 


Harris, Joseph ] 


[740. 


1746. 


HowsiN, Thomas 1 


[740. 


1749- 


Hussee, Easter ] 


1740. 


I750. 


Herrendon, John ] 


[740. 


1743- 


Hopkins, James - : 


1740. 


1755- 


Henderson, Alex. i 


'739- 


1756. 


Haney, Darby i 


'739- 


1735- 


Home, George : 


'739- 


1735- 


Humphreys, George i 


1739- 


I750. 


Irwin, Anthony i 


1739- 


1738. 


Jones, Thomas i 


'739- 


I740. 


Johnston, Wm. 


'739- 


I740. 


Johnston, Wm. ] 


1739- 


1746. 


Jennings, Edward ] 


1739- 


I7SI- 


Johnson, Peter 


1739. 


175°- 


Johnson, Peter 


1739- 


I7SO- 


Jerman, Thomas 


1739- 


I74I. 


Johnson, Archibald 


'739- 


1746. 


Jones, Thos. : 


'739- 


1735- 


Johnson, Wm. j 


'739- 


^735- 


Lambotte, Edward j 


[739- 


t740- 


King, Robt. : 


t739- 


1740. 


King, Wm. i 


t74i. 


1740. 


Kindle, Thomas ] 


[741. 


T741. 


KiNES, John j 


C741. 


1746. 


Kelly, Wm. ^ 


[741. 


1752. 


Kelly, Michael ] 


1741. 


1737- 


Kendall, Henry i 


'745- 


^755- 


Kendall, Henry i 


[745- 


1735- 


Kelly, Wm. i 


[746. 


1735- 


Kerchler, Mathias ] 


[748. 


1740. 


Logan, David ] 


1752. 


1740. 


Long, Wm. ] 


748. 


1739- 


Ledgerwood, Wm. ] 


[750- 


1739- 


Lepper, James i 


1744. 


1739- 


Lampart, Edwd. ] 


744. 


1740. 


Leonard, Patrick i 


'735- 


1746. 


Lynch, John ] 


t73S. 


1750. 


Lyon, Michael ] 


750- 



IONS. 227 

Lamb, Richd. 
Lernay, Thomas 
Latham, John 
McOnnal, Andrew 
McDowell, Robt. 
McCowin, Francis 
McClure, James 
Maxwell, John 
McCaddan, Patrick 
McKay, Agnes 
McKay, Wm. 
McKay, James 
Morphet, John 
McDowell, Robt. 
Mitchell, David 
McDowell, John 
McMurrin, Margaret 
McDowell, Ephrahim 
McAlegant, James 
McCanless, Wm. 
McCanless, Elizabeth 
MuLHALAN, John 
McLean, Wm. 
McLean, Margaret 
McDaniel, Wm. 
McPherson, Robt. 
McPherson, Margaret 
McPherson, Alix. 
McPherson, Susanna 
Mills, James 
McNiel, Patrick 
McKensey, John 
McCullock, Ann 
Morris, Wm. 
McFiELD, John 
Mason, Margaret 
Mulholland, Owen 
Morgan, John 
Morgan, Mary 
McCan, John 
McMurrin, David 
McGinnis, James 



228 



History of Orange County 



1749- 


Monroe, Wm. 


1738- 


1749- 


Morris, Jane 


1741. 


1751- 


Mannen, Andrew 


1755- 


1755- 


Morgan, Thomas 


1755. 


1755- 


Mitchell, John 


1756. 


1756. 


McDonald, John 


1756. 


1735- 


McCulley, James 


1735- 


1735- 


McCoy, John 


--I73S. 


^735- 


McKenny, John 


1747- 


1735- 


Mitchell, Wm. 


1735- 


1735- 


Nicholls, Wm. 


1735- 


1741. 


Newport, John 


1740. 


1740. 


Ofrail, Morris 


■ 1740. 


1752. 


Ogg, John and wife 


1740. 


1750- 


Onaton, Mary 


1740. 


1735- 


Parsons, Richard 


1740. 


1736. 


Parks, John 


1740. 


1740. 


Patterson, Robert 


1739- 


1740. 


Poage, Robert 


1739- 


1740. 


Pickens, John 


1739- 


1746. 


Page, John 


1739- 


1746. 


Piner, Thomas 


1740. 


1746. 


Price, Edward 


1753- 


1746. 


Parsons, George 


1750- 


1752. 


Parsons, Mary 


1750- 


1752. 


Poor, Michael 


1744- 


1754. 


Phillips, Joseph 


1749- 


1755- 


Peacock, Thos. 


• 1749. 


1741. 


Parks, Thomas 


1742. 


1741. 


Phillips, Edmund 


1743- 


1735- 


Pitcher, Thomas 


1738. 


1735- 


Phillips, Joseph 


1750. 


1736. 


Ryly, Mical 


1750- 


1741. 


Ralson, Robert 


1755- 


1740. 


Ray, Joseph 


1756. 


1740. 


Reads, Joseph 


1741. 


1736. 


Rood, James 


1735- 


1740. 


Reed, Agnes 


1735- 


1740. 


Robinson, James 


1735- 


1746. 


Raney, John 


1740. 


1751- 


RicHE, Patrick 


1740. 


1737- 


Ryan, Solomon 


1740. 



Ramsey, Robt. 
RossE, Alex. 
Rakestraw 
Rouse, Francis 
Rigby, John 
Ryan, John 
Rouse, Edward 
Robinson, Charles 
Ross, David 
Read, John 
Roberson, James 
Stevenson, Thos. 
Scott, Samuel 
Scott, Robert 
Steavenson, John 
Smith, John 
Skillim, Wm. 
Steavenson, David 
Smith, Wm. 
Smith, Elizabeth 
Stanton, Elizabeth 
Smith, Wm. 
Sheets, John 
Sims, Joanna 
Smith, Owen 
Scales, Richard 
Sims, Wm. 
Scott, James 
Sevier, Valentine 
Sears, Joseph 
Stewart, George 
Sleet, James 
Smith, Thomas 
Smith, Elizabeth 
Stokes, Elizabeth 
Sutherland, Wm. 
Small, Oliver 
Stackall, John 
Stanton, Matthew 
Trimble, John 
Thompson, Wm. 
Thomason, Moses 



Appendix — Importations. 



229 



1740. 

1739- 
1752. 
1751- 
1743- 



Thomason, Alex. i735- 

Turk, Robt. 1740. 

Terret, Nathaniel i739- 

TiBBiT, Matthew 1740. 

Thompson, Robt. 1740. 

1743. Thurston, Sarah 1740- 

1749. Terrill, Honner 1740- 

1738. Thomson, John i745- 

1755. Thompson, Alexander 1746. 

1735. Thomas, Joshua 1746. 

1747. Upton, Henry 1750. 

1747. Upton, Mary 1738. 

1735- Vaught, John Paul 1751- 

1735. Vaught, Mary Cath- 1744. 

ERiNE, wife, 1756. 

1735. Vaught, John Andrew, 1735. 

John Casper, sons ^735- 

1735. Vaught, Catherine, i735- 

Margaret and Mary Cath- i735- 

erine, daughters i735- 

1735. Vinyard, John 1735. 

1735- Warthan, James 1740. 

1735. Walker, John 



Weaver, Peter 
Wilson, David 
Wilson, Richard 
Walsh, Patrick 
Williams, Thomas 
Wilson, John 
Walker, John 
Walsh, Joseph 
Wood, Thos. 
Wallace, Humphrey 
WiLLSON, Mary 
White, John 
Whitman, Wm. 
Wheeler, John 
Walker, Thomas 
Wood, James 
Welch, John 
Warfin, Richard 
Walker, John 
Wilhite, Michael 
Wilhite, John 
Young, Robt. 



These importations were almost without exception 
from "Great Britain," though in many cases Ireland is 
given specifically as the place whence imported. 

The following list is wholly of "German Protestants," 
the importations having been all proved, and the par- 
ties naturalized, January 28, 1743. 



Blankenbacker, Zachariah 
Bomgardner, Frederick 
Christle, Duvald 
Fleshman, Peter 
Garr, Andrew, John Adam, 
and Lawrence. 

And on February 24, 1743 

Broyle, Courtney 
Manspile, Jacob 
Miller, Jacob 



Grays, Lawrence 
Thomas, John 
Uhld, Christopher 
Vallick, Martin 
Zimmerman (alias Carpenter), 
John 



Wilhite, John 
Wilhite, Tobias 



) 



APPENDIX B. 



Census, 1782. 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Catlett Conway, 

Gent., October, 1^82. 



William Hunter. . . 7 

Mary Mothershead. q 

Charles Bruce 11 

William Morton .. . 3 

Jesse F. Clark 8 

William Strother . 3 

William Thornton. 7 

Richard Reynolds.. 7 

Thomas Morrison.. . 6 

James Barker 5 

John Hansford 10 

Joseph Hilman 8 

William Pannell. . 11 

John Chambers 11 

Jonathan Gibson. . . 5 

John Bramham 5 

Benjamin Martin.. . n 

John King 2 

Richard Graves.. . . 10 

Geo. Stubblefield . 5 

James Robb 13 

Catlett Conway ... 7 

Francis Hughs 8 

Uriel Mallory 9 



White Black 
39 
9 



White Black 

2 
2 



30 
30 



6 

4 



19 
2 



2 

I 

II 

3 
17 
27 

2 
17 



John Cooke 5 

Daniel James 8 

Henry Cooke 9 

Richard Long 3 

John Long 3 

Robert Bradley .. . 7 

Zachy. Coghill 9 

William Lancaster 7 4 

John Miller 7 4 

James Tinder 10 

Ann Scott 4 

Reuben Scott 3 

Thomas Summers. . . 6 

Thomas Welch 6 6 

James Wetherspoon 6 

Adam GooDLET 21 6 

John Faulconer !. . 6 6 

John Dawson 10 

John Chisham 8 i 

Lewis Perry 4 3 

Richard Abell 8 i 

Caleb Abell 4 i 

Total 335 267 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Johnny Scott, 

Gent., October, 1^82. 



William Acre 9 

John Acre 6 

Francis Bush 6 

John Boswells 13 

John Bell 8 

William Buckner. . 11 



White Black 

I 

2 

2 
16 
20 
II 



Elijah Craig 9 

Jonathan Cowherd. 8 

Joseph Davis 9 

RoBT. Dearing, Jr. . 5 

Jonathan Davhs. ... 10 

John Dearing 4 



AVhite Black 
20 

14 

7 
2 

5 
I 



230 



Appendix — Census, 1782. 



231 



White Black 

Edward Bearing. . . 4 11 

James Davis 4 i 

John Daniel 3 8 

Elizabeth Eastin.. . 6 10 

Nancy Eve 6 i 

David Gellaspy. . . . ii 9 

Richard Gaines. ... 2 5 

David Hill 12 

Moses Harrod 8 

John T. Hamilton. . 7 24 

Thomas Jones 12 9 

Robert Martin 10 9 

Ann Martin i 7 

Prettyman Merry. . 7 7 

Alexander Marr. . . 8 5 

Roger Mallory. ... 10 2 

John Morris 6 



White Black 

Ann Martin 8 3 

George Smith 7 8 

Joseph Smith 12 27 

John Sutton, Jr. .. . 3 2 

Johnny Scott 5 20 

Joseph Silvester. . . 3 i 

Zachary Taylor.. . . 5 15 

Alexander Taylor. 7 

Harry Winslow.. . . 5 5 

William Webb 10 18 

John Willis 4 24 

Jonathan White. . . 4 

John Young 6 17 

John Hawkins 8 2 

William Young. .. . 5 12 

Total 307 363 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Benj. Grymes, 

Gent., October, 1782. 

White Black 

Thomas Morris 5 

Richard C. Webb.. . 6 3 

John C. Webb 9 

Obediah Overton.. . 6 

George Overton. . . 7 

Major Oakes 12 

Thomas Lucas 8 

Timothy Connor 9 i 

John Rhodes 4 

John Jennings 10 

John Jones i 

Benjamin Bradley.. 4 i 

Joseph Richards .. . 5 

John Robinson 9 i 

Benjamin Head 3 i 

Daniel Singleton. . i 5 

John Bledsoe 2 9 

Wm. Humphreys.. . . 4 

Jesse Smith 8 





White Black 


Benjamin Grymes.. 


■ 5 


40 


Robert Gaines. . . . 


• 9 


2 


John Spotswood. . . 


. 8 


39 


Robert C. Jacobs.. 


2 


13 


Churchill Jones . . 


2 


23 


William Hume. . . . 


. 6 


4 


John Woolfolk. . . 


• 4 




George Wills 


4 




Joseph Rossen. . . . 


2 




Elisha Hawkens. . 


2 




Henry Martin .... 


• 7 


8 


George Chapman. . 


■ 3 


I 


Stephen Smith. . . . 


. 8 


4 


Nathl. Sanders. . . 


• 13 


2 


Joseph Parish 


• 9 




George Bledsoe.. . 


2 




William Sullivan. 


• 7 




James Smith 


• 5 


I 


Reuben Morris... . 


I 





232 



History of Orange County 



White Black 

James Gordon i 15 

William Hawkins. . 7 3 

John Lancaster. ... 7 

Peirce Perry 8 

Reuben Hawkins.. . 5 

John Wood 4 

James Wood 3 

John Procter 3 3 

Mourning Pigg 7 

Elijah Jones 7 

Philemon Richards 5 



White Bifick 

Ambrose Richards . 4 

Thomas Jones 5 

Henry Perry 2 

Moses Bledsoe 4 

Edmund Row 8 4 

Thomas Row 6 

George Wharton. . 9 

Thomas Faulconer. . II 1 

Total 313 184 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Jeremiah White, 

Gent., October, 17^2. 

White Black 

Lewis Biddle 3 

Edm'd Shackleford 7 

Edward Ansill 6 

James Riddle 9 

Samuel Ham 6 

Thomas Lamb 7 

James Hainey i 

William Collier. . . 3 
Martin Collier. ... 5 
William Rogers.. . . 8 
Alexander Ogg. ... 9 

Samuel Estis 6 

John Goodall 9 

William Cox 9 

John Lamb n 

John Hodghell 12 

Richard Lamb 11 

William Lamb 7 

John Ogg 4 

James Earley 10 

David Williams. ... 6 

John Haney 3 

Samuel Ham. Jr. ... 5 

Martin Pettus 3 

William Smith 10 



ack 
6 


Richard Raines. . . 


White Black 
2 


4 


Edward Lane 


. 6 


4 


3 


John White, Jr.. . . 


. 12 


4 


10 


Henry Davis 


• 7 






Littleberry Lane. 


. 8 


1 




John Sheflett. . . . 


• 3 






H. Shackleford. . . 


6 






Thomas Snow 


• 13 






John Bryson 


• 7 






William Easter. . . 


• 9 


2 


2 


Thomas Harvey. . . 


• 4 




2 


Ephraim Simmons. . 


7 




II 


Margaret Douglas 


2 




4 


Francis Herring . 


• 4 






Eliza. Bruce 


• 4 


2 




Agness Slater. . . . 


6 






James Head 


• 5 


8 




Joseph Harvey.. . . 


4 




4 


Thomas Brook. . . . 


• 3 




33 


Jeremiah White.. . 


. 12 


16 




William Bell 


2 


17 




Ephraim Simmons. . 


■ 4 


5 



Total 299 138 



Appendix — Census, 1782. 



233 



White Black 

24 

7 
4 
I 
I 



4 
10 

s 



3 
3 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Thomas Barbour, 

Gent., October, 1782. 

White Black 
Thomas Herring .. . 4 
Benjamin Johnson 5 18 
Martin Johnson ... 3 7 

William Jones 7 

John Lucas. 10 

William Lucas 8 17 

Nathan Mallory. . . 9 3 
Tabitha Oliver. .. . 6 5 
Robert Pearson.. . . 8 2 

John Payne 10 3 

Joseph Patterson. . 6 

Richard Payne 6 

John Rucker 10 

Peter Rucker 4 

Ephraim Rucker, Jr 4 

John Rogers 7 

Thomas Smith 4 3 

Robert Sanford .. . 11 14 

John Snell, Jr 11 10 

Joshua Staff i 7 

Joshua Staff, Jr. . . 9 3 

Thomas Staff 5 

Achilles Staff i 

Joel Hodghell 4 

Richard Sebree. ... 2 i 
Richard Sebree, Jr 7 
William Sebree. ... 6 i 
Joshua Underwood 8 

James Wayt 13 2 

John Wilhoit 8 

Wm. Lucas, Jr 5 



Thomas Barbour. . . 10 
John Brookes's. . . . 

May Burton, Jr. ... 5 

John Burton 8 

Ambrose Burton. . . 9 

James Burton 4 

David Bruce 9 

Thomas Ballard, Jr 7 
Robert Beadles .. 
Philip Ballard. . . 
Philip Ballard, Jr 
Philip Ballard, the 

younger i 

Elijah Ballard. ... 6 

James Beazley, Jr.. 3 

William Ballard.. . 8 

May Burton 4 

MoRDECAi Bruce.. . 
William Collins.. . 
John Carters, Jr. . 
James Connoley.. . 
Joseph Chapmak.. . 

John Carrell 5 

Belfield Cave 4 

James Coffer 12 

Charles Creel 5 

Thomas Daughoney ii 

James Daughoney .. 5 

Jacob Ehart 4 

Enoch Gulley 5 

Lewis Garr 3 

Benjamin Head 8 

Benjamin Haney. . . 5 



3 
5 
16 
6 
7 



30 
6 

3 
6 



I 
13 




7 
1 1 



Total 401 285 



The Number of People Take in Orange County by Thos. Bell, Gent., 

October, i'/82. 
wniite Black White Black 
Richard Allen 6 8 Joseph Boston 10 5 

Joseph Atkins 5 12 Robert Cockburn. . 6 



234 



History of Orange County 



White Black 

RosANNA Campbell. 9 2 

James Davis 3 i 

John Finnell 7 5 

Simon FiNNELL 9 i 

George Grace 4 i 

James Hawkins .... 2 4 

William Ingram.. . . 2 

John Jackson's .... 18 

John Lee 9 

William Lee 8 

Edward Marsh 2 3 



White Black 

Abner Porter 7 12 

Sanford Ransdell , 4 3 

John Samuel 7 7 

James Sleet , 8 6 

Samuel Thompson. . 5 2 

Francis Taliaferro 6 33 

Thomas Bell 10 30 

La WR. Taliaferro .. 10 61. 

Francis Dade 2 12 

Total 141 226 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by William Moore, 

Gent., October, 1782. 



10 



WTiite Black 

Edward Atkins 4 

James Atkins 6 

Benjamin Atkins . . 4 

John Atkins 4 

John Alcock 6 

James Atkins, Jr. . . 8 

John Atkins 4 

William Atkins. ... 5 

Lewis Brockman. . . 11 

Ann Boling 3 

John Boling 12 

Richard Bullock . . 10 

Thomas Bell 8 

Thomas Burrus. .. . 5 

Saml. Brockman, Jr 4 

William Brockman 3 

Saml. Brockman. ... 3 

John Brockman. ... 8 

Mary Burrus 9 

John Bledsoe 4 

Henry Chiles 7 

Jeremiah Chandler 10 

Jacob Crosthwait . . 12 

James Cooper 12 

Joseph Duncan 6 



Wliite Black 

3 
6 



2 

12 
6 
2 

13 

4 

I 



Vivian Daniel 6 

John Embre 4 

Isaac Freeman 7 

Isaac Graves 7 

Uriah Gaston 7 

James Gaines 7 

William Groom 10 

John Goodrich 8 

Lindsay Harris .... 5 

John Henderson. . . 4 

Thomas Harris .... 6 

Thomas Lendrum. . . 5 

Caleb Lindsay i 

Reuben Lendrum . . 7 

William Moore 15 

Michael Manspoel.. 8 

Andrew Manning . . 2 

George Morton. ... 8 

John Oakes 7 

William Payne 8 

William Pollock.. . 9 

Indy Payne i 

John Page 5 

Thomas Payne 10 

Aaron Quisenberry 4 



10 



17 
6 



53 

4 

13 

13 

2 

16 

2 

5 
14 



Appendix — Census, 1782. 



235 



White Black 




White Black 


A. QUISENBERRY, Jr . 


8 


5 


Zachy. Shackleford 10 


2 


Wm. Quisenberry. . 


4 


10 


Henry Tandy 


. 12 


17 


Moses Quisenberry 


9 


I 


Edward Thomas. . . 


• 9 


3 


John Quisenberry. 


7 


I 


William Thomas . . 


4 


4 


Jas. Quisenbeery.. . 


5 


I 


John Wright 


• 7 


3 


William Richards. . 


9 


I 


Jacob Williams . . . 


. II 


I 


Ann Smith 


3 
9 


6 


Total 






James Smith 


•438 


293 


Steph. I. K. Smith. . 


2 


I 








The Number of People 


Taken 


in Orange County by 


Rowland 


Thomas 


, Gent. 


October, 1782. 






White Black 




White Black 


Rowland Thomas.. . 


10 


13 


David Barrett 


4 




Rowland Thomas, Jr 


3 





Elijah Morton. . . . 


■ 5 


12 


Robt. Stubblefield 


7 


9 


Elisha Arnold. . . . 


4 




Thomas Sharpe 


10 


4 


William Herndon 


I 





Robert Daniel 4 

John Brown 4 

John Loyd 9 

Noah Knowles 8 

George Moore 6 

William Peacher . . 10 

John Collins 11 

David Allen 3 

Joseph Reynolds. . . 4 

Peter Mountague. . 7 

^..Benjamin Stevens. . 4 

Stephen Smith. .... 3 

NiCHS. Fisher 4 

Uriah Proctor 5 

Robert Lancaster.. 3 

John Proctor 8 

Richard Lahcaster 5 

Eliza Daniel 3 

James Coleman 9 



13 
14 



Henry Clayton. ... 7 

John Wright 8 

James Grady 4 

Stephen Hiatt 4 

Rush Hudson 8 

John Dear 5 

William Reynolds.. 
Catherine Dear . . . 
Robert Chandler. . 
William Bradley . . 
Richard Bradley .. 

Charles Dear 2 

Joseph Chandler.. . 7 

Sarah Heath 6 

Thomas Dear 6 

William Wright.. . . 7 

James Herndon .... 8 



Total 256 



I 
2 

I 

4 
2 
I 

7 



II 

I 
2 
3 

121 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by James Madison, 

Gent., October, 1782, 
White Black White Black 

John Baylor 84 Henry Barnett. .. . 7 

Mary Bell 10 3a Robert Bickers. .. . 8 



!36 



History of Orange County 



N. 



William Bickers. 
YowELL Boston. . 

James Blair 

William Brown. . 
William Beale. . . 
Garland Burnley 
Thomas Coleman. 
William Brown, Jr 
James Coleman.. . 
Joseph Clark. . . . 
Martha Chew. . . . 
Richard Carlton. 
William Edwards 
William Finnell 
Zachary Gaston . 
John Graves .... 
Andrew Glassel. 
Zachy. Herndon . 
William Hancock 
Nicholas Jones.. . 
John Leathers. . . 
Spencer Mozingo. 

William Leak. . . . 

James Madison. . . 
Ambrose Madison. 
Thomas Mallory. 
James Newman. . . 
William Newman 

John Noell 

George Newman.. 



White Black 
6 



8 
I 
7 
7 
7 
4 
6 

4 

5 

8 

II 

8 

2 ' 
I 

7 
7, 
5 
14 
6 

5 
6 

o 

12 



4 
6 



^9 

12 

6 



5 
i8 



2 

88 

3° 
1 

19 
I 



John Petty 

Benjamin Porter.. 

Philip Roman 

Thomas Stevenson. 
Samuel Sutton. ... 
William Sutton. . . 
Peirce Sanford. . . 
John Stockdell. . . 
Andrew Shepherd 

Vincent Self 

Jeremiah Smith ... 
Hay Taliaferro. . . 

James Taylor 

James Taylor, Jr . 
Erasmus Teylor . 
Francis Taylor. . . 
George Taylor . . . 
Charles Taylor. . . 
Chapman Taylor . . 
Robert Terrell . . 

Sarah Thomas 

James Vaughn .... 
Benjamin Winslow 

Lewis Willis 

Samuel Watson. . . 

Michael Rice 

Thomas Bickers. . . 



White Black 

5 



5 
6 

9 
6 

7 
8 

4 
8 

5 
6 

I 
2 
6 
12 
I 

4 
2 

4 

2 

5 
8 

4 

5 

9 

3 



II 



16 
13 



21" 

40 

22 

34 
1 

21 
14 

5 

21 
12 

6 

6 



Total 346 581 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by Zach'y. Burnley, 

Gent., October, 1782. 



White Black 

Benjamin Powell. . 7 5 

William Sullivan .. 4 10 

Robert Miller 11 2 

Thomas FoRTsoN.. . . 8 6 

Simon Kee 9 

Solomon Jarrell. . . 5 



White Black 

Charles Taylor. ... 8 

David Roach 4 

Eliza. Furnis 3 

Charles Walker. . . 9 6 
James Taylor (son 

of Charles) 5 



Appendix — Census, 1782. 



237 



White Black 

William Collins.. . . 6 13 

Mary Powell 7 i 

Eliza. Shiflett. ... 5 

Abner Cross 8 

James Bush 4 

James Jarrell 11 

Edward Bryant. ... 5 

John Kendall 7 

Daniel Crow 7 

John White 9 17 

John Beadles 3 2 

Jacob Coffer 5 4 

Thomas Powell. ... 9 

Reuben Underwood 9 
^George Thornton .6 19 

Thomas Walker.. . . i 6 

Marg't Underwood 8 



White Black 

James Taylor 5 

William Taylor ... i 

Francis Powell. ... 8 4 

James Duncan 8 

Eliza. Furnis 7 

Joseph Eddins 3 18 

John Rucker 2 

Wm. Stanard's 52 

Mace Pickett 3 3 

Jesse Plunkett. ... 6 6 

James Simpson 8 5 

Wm. Scott 3 7 

John Page 10 3 

•Macajah Neal 2 

Zach. Burnley 9 60 

Total 258 249 



The Number of People Taken in Orange County by And'w, Shepherd, 

Gent., October, 1783. 



Joseph Banner.. . 
Henry Bourn .... 
William Bourn... 
James Beckham .. 
Spencer Bramham 
Benjamin Bohan. 
Benj. Bohan, Jr. . 

John Bohan 

John Booth 

Thomas Bryant. . 
V/iLLiAM Castie.. . 
Patrick Cockran. 

John Clark 

Alexander Dale. 
Thomas Davis. . . . 
Anthony Foster.. 
Thomas Foster, Jr 
Catherine George 
Lawrence Gillett 



WJiite Black 

3 



1 1 
6 
10 
10 
5 
3 
4 
7 
6 

4 
4 
8 
6 

3 

5 

5 

II 

4 



I 
6 
5 
7 

6 
2 
2 
8 

I 



White Black 

William Herring .. 4 

George Jones 10 i 

Hugh Jones 3 

James Jameson 6 2 

Margaret Jameson, i 4 

William Jameson. . 3 2 

John Kendall 8 

Thomas Lantor 5 

Francis Moore 3 14 

Francis Moore, Jr. . 12 10 • 

Reuben Moore 7 10 

Nath. Mothershead 2 3 

Jeremiah Minor.. • . 9 2 

William Minor 4 

Richard Morton. . . 7 

Lucy Moore's estate 5 

Alex. Newman 8 3 

Abner Newman 3 i 

Charles Porter. ... 14 20 



238 



History of Orange County 



John Price 6 

Richard Price 4 

Jesse Ransdell. ... 5 

John Ransdell 8 

William Ransdell . 11 
Joseph Spencer. .. . 11 
William Thornton. 7 

John Thornton 3 

James Thornton ... 10 



Wliite Black 
5 
3 



Grand Total. 



10 



White Black 

Daniel Thornton . . 11 

John Terrell 9 

William Tweesdell 4 

Joseph Thomas 9 7 

Alexander Waugh. 2 16 

George Waugh 2 7 

Total 326 168 



3410 Whites. 
2848 Blacks. 



APPENDIX C. 



Will of President Madison. 

I, James Madison, of Orange County do make this 
my last will and testament, hereby revoking all wills 
by me heretofore made. 

I devise to my dear wife during her life the tract of 
land whereon I live, as now held by me, except as herein 
otherwise devised ; and if she shall pay the sum of nine 
thousand dollars within three years after my death, 
to be distributed as hereinafter directed, then I devise 
the same land to her in fee simple. If my wife shall 
not pay the said sum of money within the period before 
mentioned, then and in that case it is my will, and I 
hereby direct that at her death the said land shall be 
sold for cash, or on a credit as may be deemed most for 
the interest of those entitled to the proceeds thereof. 
If my wife shall pay the said sum of money within the 
time before specified as aforesaid, so as to become enti- 
tled to the fee simple in the said land, then I bequeath 
the said sum of money to be equally divided among 
all my nephews and nieces which shall at that time be 
living, and in case of any of them being dead, leaving 
issue at that time living, then such issue shall take the 
place of its or their deceased parent. 

It is my further will, that in case my wife shall not 
pay the said sum of money within the time before 
named, and it shall therefore be necessary to sell the 
said land at her death as before directed, then after 
deducting the twentieth part of the purchase money of 
the said land, which deducted part I hereby empower 
my wife to dispose of by her will, I bequeath the residue 
of the purchase money and in case of her dying without 
having disposed of such deducted part by her will, I 
bequeath the whole of the purchase money of the said 

239 



240 History of Orange County 

land to my nephews and nieces or the issues of such of 
them as may be dead, in the manner before directed in 
regard to the money to be paid by her in case she shall 
pay the same. I devise my grist mill with the land 
attached thereto, to my wife during her life, and I 
hereby direct the same to be sold at her death, and the 
purchase money to be divided as before directed in 
regard to the proceeds of the tract whereon I live. 

I devise to my niece, Nelly C. WilHs and her heirs 
the lot of land lying in Orange County, purchased of 
Boswell Thornton, on which is a limestone quarry, and 
also my interest in a tract of land lying in Louisa County 
reputed to contain two hundred acres, and not far 
from the said limestone quarry. I devise my house 
and lot, or lots, in the City of Washington, to my beloved 
wife and her heirs. I give and bequeath my owner- 
ship in the negroes and people of color held by me to 
my dear wife, but it is my desire that none of them 
should be sold without his or her consent, or in case of 
their misbehavior, except that infant children may be 
sold with their parents who consent for them to be 
sold with him or her, and who consent to be sold. 

I give all my personal estate of every description, 
ornamental, as well as useful, except as hereinafter 
otherwise given, to my dear wife, and I also give to her 
all my manuscript papers, having entire confidence in 
her discreet and proper use of them, but subject to the 
qualification in succeeding clause. Considering the 
peculiarity and magnitude of the occasion which pro- 
duced the convention at Philadelphia in 1787, the 
characters who composed it, the Constitution which 
resulted from their deliberation, its effects during a 
trial of so many years on the prosperity of the people 
living under it, and the interest it has inspired among 
the friends of free government, it is not an unreasonable 
inference that a careful and extended report of the 
proceedings and discussions of that body, which were 



Appendix — Madison's Will. 241 

with closed doors, by a member who was constant in his 
attendance, will be particularly gratifying to the people 
of the United States and to all who take an interest 
in the progress of political science and the cause of true 
liberty, it is my desire that the report as made by me 
should be published under her authority and direction, 
as the publication may yield a considerable amount 
beyond the necessary expenses thereof; I give the net 
proceeds thereof to my wife, charged with the following 
legacies to be paid out of that fund only — first I give 
to Ralph Randolph Gurley, secretary of the American 
Colonization Society and to his executors and adminis- 
trators the sum of two thousand dollars, in trust never- 
theless, that he shall appropriate the same to the use 
and purposes of the said Society, whether the same 
be incorporated by law or not. 

I give fifteen hundred dollars to the University of 
Virginia, one thousand dollars to the College at Nassau 
Hall at Princeton, New Jersey, and one thousand dollars 
to the College at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and it is 
my will that if the said fund should not be sufficient to 
pay the whole of the three last legacies, that they abate 
in proportion. I further direct that there be paid out 
of the same fund to the guardian of the three sons of 
my deceased nephew, Robt. L. Madison, the sum of 
three thousand dollars to be applied to their education 
in such proportions as their guardian may think right. 
I also give out of the same fund to my nephew Ambrose 
Madison two thousand dollars to be applied by him to 
the education of his sons in such proportions as he may 
think right, and I also give out of the same fund the 
sum of five hundred dollars to each of the daughters 
of my deceased niece, Nelly Baldwin, and if the said 
fund shall not be sufficient to pay the whole of the lega- 
cies for the education of my great nephews as aforesaid 
and the said legacies to my great nieces, then they are 
to abate in proportion. 



242 History of Orange County 

I give to the University of Virginia all that portion 
of my library of which it has not copies of the same 
editions, and which may be thought by the Board 
of Visitors not unworthy of a place in its library, 
reserving to my wife the right first to select such 
particular books and pamphlets as she shall choose, 
not exceeding three hundred volumes. 

In consideration of the particular and valuable aids 
received from my brother-in-law, John C. Payne, and 
the affection which I bear him, I devise to him and his 
heirs two hundred and forty acres of land on which he 
lives, including the improvements on same, on which 
he has bestowed considerable expense, to be laid off 
adjoining the lands of Reuben and James Newman 
in a convenient form for a farm so as to include wood- 
land, and by the said Mr. Newmans. 

I bequeath to my stepson John Payne Todd the case 
of medals presented me by my friend George W. Erving, 
and the walking staff made from a timber of the frigate 
Constitution and presented me by Commodore Elliot, 
her present commander. I desire the gold mounted 
walking staff", bequeathed to me by my late friend 
Thomas Jefferson, be delivered to Thomas J.Randolph, 
as well in testimony of the esteem I have for him as of 
the knowledge I have of the place he held in the affect- 
tions of his grand-father. 

To remove every doubt of what is meant by the 
terms tract of land whereon I live I here declare it to 
comprehend all land owned by me and not herein 
otherwise devised away. 

I appoint my dear wife to be sole executrix of this 
my will and desire that she may not be required to give 
security for the execution thereof and that my estate 
be not appraised. 

In testimony hereof I have this fifteenth day of April, 
one thousand eight hundred and thirty five, signed. 



Appendix — Madison's Will. 243 

sealed, published and declared this to be my last will 
and testament, 

JAMES MADISON. [Seal.] 
We have signed in pre- 
sence of the testator, and 
of each other. 

Robert Taylor, 
Reuben Newman, Sr. 
Reuben Newman, Jr. 
Sims Brockman. 

I, James Madison, do annex this codicil to my last will 
as above and to be taken as part thereof. It is my will 
that the nine thousand dollars to be paid by my wife 
and distributed among my nephews and nieces may 
be paid into the Bank of Virginia, or into the Circuit 
Superior Court of Chancery for Orange, within three 
years after my death. I direct that the proceeds from 
the sale of my grist mill and the land annexed sold at 
the death of my wife, shall be paid to Ralph Randolph 
Gurley, secretary of the American Colonization Society, 
and to his executors and administrators in trust and for 
the purposes of the said society, whether the same be 
incorporated by law or not. 

This codicil is written wholly by, and signed by my 
own hand this nineteenth day of April 1835. 

JAMES MADISON. 



APPENDIX D. 



"War of I 8i 2." 

So little is known of the part Orange played in the 
War of 1 8 1 2 , that it can all be easily embraced in an 
appendix. It certainly was not conspicuous; yet the 
names of such of her sons as volunteered in the war 
which the New England States denounced as "Madison's 
War," ought to be handed down to posterity. 

It was a curious coincidence that one son of the 
County, Madison, was the chief executive of the nation, 
and another, James Barbour, the chief executive of the 
State, during this war. William Madison, brother of 
the president, attained the rank of major-general at 
that period, but it is not believed that he ever had a 
command in action. 

From an official publication by the State in 1852, 
"Muster Rolls of the Virginia Militia in the war of 181 2," 
the following roster is copied, being that of "Capt Wil- 
liam Smith's Company of the Second Regiment, Virginia 
Militia, in the County of Orange, called into actual ser- 
vice, under the general orders of the 28th of June, 181 3, 
from the 5th of July till the loth of xA.ugust:" one 
month and twelve days in all. 

Capt. William Smith 

Lieutenants. Sergeants. 

Hay Taliaferro John T. Mann 

George W. Spotswood Henry Conway 

Cornet. James Yager 

Patrick Pitty Chas. S. Stone 

244 



Appendix — War of 1812. 



245 



Corporals. 
Wm. S. Jinkins 
Thos. Tombs 
Henry Clark 
Geo. H. Inskeep 

Privates. 
Danl. Anderson 
Roland Bradley 
Peter Bogarder 
John Bradley 
James Brown 
Thos. Brown 
Wm. Clarke 
Jonathan Cathin 
John Clarke 
Edward Colling 
Jacob Davis 
Horatio Dade 
John Dicksqn 
Wm. Foard 
Francis Ford 
Wm. Fanbooner 



Privates . 
Thos. Getting 
Monroe Hancock 
John C. Harris 
Linsfield Jones 
Wm. Jones 
John Lewis 
John J. Lewjs 
Conway Mower (or Mawr), 
Moses McKenny 
Braxton Osborn (or Obom) 
Abner Pitts 
Isaac Right 
Thos. Stubblefield 
Lawrence Sandford 
Wm. Talken 
Lawrence Taliaferro 
Hay Taliaferro 
Wm. Taylor 
James Waller 
James Webb 
John H. Weeks 



The name Colling ought probably to be Collins, and 
Right, Wright; the spelling of the roll is followed. 

William F. Taylor was commissioned an ensign of 
infantry in 181 3. (Calendar, State Papers.) 

There was also a company of "mounted riflemen" 
from the County, commanded by Capt. William Stevens. 
This company of the Third Virginia Regiment was 
stationed at Hampton, for two months, in 18 14, but 
diligent search has failed to discover a roll. Among 
the Orange "Petitions" in the State Library is one from 
Charles M. Webb, of this company, which sets out the 
facts here stated. Webb's horse impaled itself and 
died from his wounds, and his petition for pay for it 
was rejected. 



246 History of Orange County 

Application was made to the War Department, 
through the courtesy of Senator Thomas S. Martin, for 
a roster of this company, but without success, there 
being a "lack of clerical force;" yet others than the 
official force are not permitted to examine the files, 
which is as it should be. 



r-i 



APPENDIX E. 



War of the Revolution. 

In this appendix, names are sometimes duplicated, 
no doubt, yet it is impossible now to tell whether per- 
sons of the same name were always the same person. 
Authorities are generally given that statements may 
be verified. 

It is not assumed that this record is exhaustive, but 
it is believed to be much the fullest that has 3^et appeared. 
Unfortunately the official records of the Revolution, 
which are fairly complete in the State Land Office and 
Library, seldom disclose the county from which the 
soldiers came, and hence are not useful, except for 
comparison, in compiling a roster of this kind. 

Permission was asked to examine the files of the 
departments at Washington. It was refused on the 
groimd that the rolls have become so fragile that hand- 
ling them is very injurious ; yet the Government does 
not publish them, and the archives of the State and 
County are the only resource of the investigator. 

The following persons are named in the order books, 
at the indicated dates, as being active participants 
in the Revolution. The orders are greatly condensed. 

1778. Jere Chandler 

Staves, (Two sons of widow Staves, names not given.) 

Joseph Edmonson 
Francis McClarney 

1779. Solomon Garrett 

Hensley (son of Jane). 

1784. John Tracey. Died in service. 

1785. James Chisham (Chisholm). Died in service in '78 
Wm. Rosson. Died in service. 

247 ,„ 



248 History of Orange County 

1785 John Barnett 
JosiAH Landrum 
James Lintor 

Robert Watts. Died in service. 
Ambrose White. Died in Va. Regt. of Guards. ^ "l^ 

1786. John Bush. 7th Va; died in Continental service, v^ ^j CW" * 
Catlett Jones. Not wounded in public service; discon- 
tinued from pension list, as able to earn his living 

John Groom. Lost leg; entitled to pension. 
Andrew Leach. Pensioner; dead. 
"*■ William Palmer. Pensioner; lost leg. 

1 787. FiNLASON Sleet. Allowed £50 for acting as adjutant for six 

years from 1777. 
James Gaines. Allowed £^0 as clerk of court-martial five 
years. 
1789. John Miller. Died of wounds received in United States 

service. Judith, his wife, pensioned. 
1792. Wm. BollinCt. Enlisted in 2d Va. Feby. 1777; died Aug., 
'78, in service. 
Peachy Bledsoe. Sergt. in 2d regiment, (proved foregoing 
item.) 
181 1. James Burton's oath as to his service. 

William Campbell's oath; both Captains. 
1813. Jesse Thornton. In Capt. Spencer's Co. 7th Va. in '76, as 
fife major; served to end of war. 

1 81 7. Herman Vawter. Sergt. in 17th Va. 

1818. John Atkins. Aged 69; in Capt. Geo. Stubblefield's Co., 

Sth Va., in '76,; discharged in '78. 

Thomas Marsh. Aged 72; in Capt. Thos. Gaskin's Co., 
served 3 years; discharged in N. C. ; in battles of Trenton, 
BrandyAvine, Germantown; re-enlisted in cavalry and 
served till end of war. 

Joseph Thomas. Aged 61; enlisted in '76 in 2d Va. Cont. 
Regt., Capt. Francis Taylor's Co., served till '78; dis- 
charged at Valley Forge, Pa. ;in battles of Brandjrwine 
and Germantown. 

John Bourn. Aged 66; enlisted '76, 2d Va. Contl., Capt. 
Taylor's Co. ; served till '81 ; captured at Charleston, S. C. 

Julian, or Julius, King. Aged 62; enlisted in '77, 3d Regt. 
Light Di-agoons, Col. Geo. Baylor; served 3 years; battle 
of Germantown. 



Appendix — War of the Revolution. 249 

1818 Wm. Knighton. Aged 62; enlisted '78 in Capt. Grant's Co., 
1 6th Va. Contl. ; also in 3d Va. ; served 3 years; battle of 
Monmouth, and seige of Charleston, where he was made 
prisoner. 

John Snow. Aged 59; enlisted '76, Francis Taylor's Co.; 
served 2 years; discharged at Valley Forge; battles, 
Brandywine and Germantown. 

Charles Murphv. Aged 72; enlisted in '77 in Capt. John 
Gillason's Co. loth Va. ; served 3 years; afterwards in 6th 
Regt. till discharged at Cumberland old C. H. in '82 ; 
battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth. 

Geo. Mansfield. Aged 59; enlisted '81 in Capt. James 
Gimn's Co. ist Regt. Light Dragoons; served till '83; 
battles of Guilford C. H. and Camden. 

John D. Fitzpatrick. Deed conveying boiinty land in Illi- 
nois Territory. 

Peter Montague. Aged 85; enlisted in '77, in Capt. Alex. 
Parker's Co. 2d Va. Regt. ; served 3 years; battle of 
Savannah. 
1832. James Chiles. Aged 70; proved 2 years service in Revolu- 
tion, on the oath of . 

Starke Wright, of Louisa; in same company with him. 

Also the following, during this year, proved two 
years service: 

Zachariah Taylor, aged 72 



Jeremiah White, 


77 


James Haney, 


73 


Richard Goodall, 


74 


Absalom Roach, 


72 


John Davis, 


76 


James Jones, 


73 


Philemon Richards, 


78 


James Daniel, 


74 


Geo. Newman, 


85 


John Smith, 




Robt. Mansfield, 


70 


Wm. Davis, 


74 


Richard White, 


76 


Wm. Jarrell, 


79 



250 History of Orange County 

John Williams, aged 78 

Kenneth Southerland, 70 

William Wayt, 71 

William Fisher, 75 

1833. Geo. Sherman, 71 
Dr. Charles Taylor, Army Surgeon. 

1834. Geo. Morris 
Peter Apperson 

William Randall, aged 74 

Churchill Gordon, midshipman. 
1836. Wm. Parrott 
1847. Mordecai Barbour, pensioner. 

Robert Clark 

The following names are collected from the Orange 
"Petitions," on file in the State Library. 

Thos. Bush, ensign, Capt. Dudley's Company, 2d Va. 

Thornberry Boling, same Company. 

Peachy Bledsoe, sergt., Capt. Nathaniel Welch's Co., same Regt. 

Catlett James, pensioner. 

Jarot Morton, regular, Francis Taylor's Company. 

Wm. Boling, minute man. 

Jesse Boling, minute man. 

Reuben Finnell, minute man and regular. 

John Finnell, minute man and regular. 

Geo. Douglas 

Wm. Bohon 

John Bohon 

Benjamin Bohon 

Wm. Twisdell 

The following list, compiled from records of the War 

Department, is copied from the VII Virginia Hist- 

torical Magazine, page 24, etc., some correction shaving 

been made as to residence. Where rank is not given 

private soldier is understood. 

Capt. Garland Burnley Capt. James Burton 

Capt. May Burton Capt. Charles Bruce 

Capt. Bellefield John Beadles 



Appendix — War of the Revolution. 



251 



Capt. Coursey 
Capt. Wm. Campbell 
Capt. Francis Cowherd 

COKER 

Bellefield Cave 

Lieut. Bellefield Cave 

James Chiles 

Cravens 

John Davis 

Capt. Reuben Daniel 

Wm. Fisher 

Lt. John Goodell [Goodall]. 

RicHD Goodell [Goodall]. 

Capt. Reuben Hawkins 

Lieut. Zach. Herndon 

Capt. Benjamin Johnson 

James Jones 

Capt. Ambrose Madison 

Capt. Francis Moore 

Geo. Newman 

Capt. Nelson 

Wm. Roach 

Absalom Roach 

Philemon Richards 

Capt. John Scott 

John Snow 



Kenneth Southerland 

Capt. John Sult 

Capt. SFEncer 

Capt. Joseph Spencer 

Col. Stubblefield 

Lieut. Benj. Smith 

Col. Taylor 

Col. James Taylor 

Lieut-Col. Francis Taylor. 

Col. Taylor, 3d Va. 

Lieut. Wm. Taylor 

Capt. Francis Taylor 

Ensign John Taylor 

Zachy. Taylor 

Francis Tackett 

Col. Temple 

Capt. Richd. Well 

Lieut. Geo. War 

Lieut. (Corporal) Richard 

White 
Capt. John Waugh 
Capt. George Waugh 
Jere White 
Lieut. Richd. White 
Lieut. Wm. White 
Sergt. John Williams 



"A Muster Roll of Capt. Ambrose Madison's Com- 
pany of foot in the Regiment of Volunteers Guards at 
the Barracks in Albemarle County, whereof Col. Francis 
Taylor is Commander, to June i, 1779." Original in 
possession of Mr. John Willis, of Gordonsville, his 
great grandson. 



Capt. Ambrose Madison 
Lieut. James Burton 
Ensign John Goodall 

Sergeants 
John Snow 
John Wayt 
James Goodall 



Corporals 
Ambrose White 
Richd. Quinn 
Norman Kidd 

Privates 
Jedithon Canterberry 
Ambrose Lucas 



252 



History of Orange County 



Privates 

James Farguson 
John Barnett 
John Davis 
Lewis Davis 
Zacha. Lewis 
Wm. Hayne 
Jonathan Roach 
Wm. Goodall 
David Roach 
John Lane 
David Vawter 
James Haney 
Absalom Roach 



Privates 

Caleb Jennins 

Wm. Harris 

John Young 

Wm. Ballard 

Jas. McGinness 

Bean Lannam, not joined. 

Alex White, deserted 12th 

April. 
Stark Right 
Reuben Roach, died 15th 

April. 
Alex Mackenny 



"Sworn to before me this 22d day of July 1779 by James Burton, 
Lieutenant. 

Theo''^. Bland, Colonel-Commanding, 

Post Charlottesville ". 



A Roll of Capt. Francis Taylor's Company enlisted 
between Jany. 29 and March 17, 1776, from a MS. 
account book and papers in Va. State Library. 



Edward Broadus 
James Quinn 
Jeremiah Cox 
Turner Thomason 
John Almand 
Elisha Estes 
Joseph Harvey 
Thomas Ballard 
James Broadus 
William Davis 
Bell Simmons 
Thomas Shelton 
William Medley 
Robert Dawson 



Enlisted by F. Taylor. 



Thomas Morris 
James Beasley 
Achilles Foster 
George Brooks 
Stephen Ham 
Henry Russell 
Benjamin Dawson 
Richard Chandler 
W. Bowling 
Thornberry Bowling 
William Ward 
Lewis Pines 
James Long 



Appendix — War of the Revolution. 



253 



Enlisted bv William Taylor. 



John Gillock 

Robert Chandler 

William Sawyer 

Leonard Sale 

Edward Atkins (in service). 

Howard Bledsoe 

John Finnell 

Alexander Thomas 

Lewis Cook 

Samuel Clayton 

Prat Hughes 

James Courtney 



William Harvey 
Benjamin Cavenaugh 
William Martin 
Thomas Breedlove 
Thomas Ship 
Lewis Willis 
Evan Bramham 
James Jackson 
Jacob Burrus 
John Snow 
Thomas Fleeman 



Enlisted by Benjamin Porter, 
resigned Aug. 28, 1776. 



James Welsh 
Thomas Porter 
Perry Patterson 
Francis McLarney 
William Finnell 
Joseph Price 
Henry Barnett 
John Bowen 



Reuben Hawkins 
Elisha Hawkins 
Gerard Morton 
John Hammond 
William Morris 
Joseph Thomas 
James Barnett 
John Chowning 



Enlisted by Francis Cowherd. 



William Townshend 
James Brown 
Saml. Warren 
James Brooks 
Michael Gavin 



Shadrach Hill 
Benja. Rucker 
Jonathan Davis 
James Deering 



The names, James Gibbons and James Barton, and 
Elijah Deer, John Boyd, taken in place of Thomas 
Porter, who deserted. 

Wm. Taylor and Benjamin Porter were lieutenants; 
and Francis Cowherd, ensign; James Burton, a cadet. 



254 



History of Orange County 



Pay roll of Captain Francis Taylor's Company of the 
2d Virginia Battalion, from the 28 January to the 
28 February, 1777. (Vol. VI, Va. Hist. Magazine 
page 127.). 

Francis Taylor, captain, 
William Taylor, first lieutenant, 
Francis Cowherd, second lientenant, 
James Burton, ensign, 
Samuel Clayton, sergeant, 
James Broadus, sergeant, 
James Welch, sergeant, 
Jeremiah Cox. drximmer, 
James Quin, corporal, 
Evan Bramham, corporal, 
Thomas Shelton, corporal, 
John Brown, corporal, 



40 Dollars. 

27 

27 

20 

8 

8 

8 

7i 
74 
64 
74 
74 



Archilles Foster 
Henry Russell 
George Brooks 
Ransdell Abbot 
William Medley 
William Ward 
Thomas McClanahan 
Robert White 
Andrew Harrison 
Stephen Ham 
Elijah Deer 
Leonard Sale 
John Almand 
Gerard Morton 
Elisha Hawkins 
Robert Chandler 
James Brown 
John Chowning 
John Gillock 
Samuel Warren 
William Morris 
Joseph Thomas 
James Long 
Henry Barnett 



Privates at 65 Dollars. 

Turner Thomason 
Joseph Henry 
Shadrach Hill 
Benjamin Dawson 
Thomas Morris 
John Finnel 
Thornberry Bowling 
James Deering 
Thomas Breedlove 
Jacob Burrus 
Elisha Estes 
William Martin 
John Snow 
Thomas Fleeman 
Lewis Pines 
Joel Foster 
James Jackson 
Thomas Ballard 
James Beazley 
William Turner 
Edward Broadus 
Perry Patterson 
William Davis 
James Gibbons 



Appendix — War of the Revolution 255 

HumpheyShay, 28 Dec, 1777, 13^ Dollars. Of the istVirg. 
Battalion Ordered to join my Comp. by Gen. L ( ?). 

John Johnson, 28 Jan. 1776, 6§ Dollars. Of Col. Rail's Mary- 
land Battalion Ord, to join my Compy. at Baltimore, Md. 

The above is a just Pay Roll. 

(Signed) Francis Taylor. 

William Morton, ancestor of the Mortons of Orange, 
was a Revolutionary officer, and was killed on Clarke's 
Mountain while attempting to arrest a deserter named 
Nixon who fled to West Virginia and changed his 
name to Mixon. 

Philip Mallory, 2d Lt. in 1777; ist Lt. 1778; Capt. 1779; taken 
prisoner at Charleston 1780; served to close of war. (Heitman.) 

David Pannill, captain of artillery. Received large bovmty 
land grants after the war. He was the uncle of the David Pannill 
who was the maternal grandfather of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. (Va. 
Land Office.) 

Wm. Terrell, 2d Lt. 5th Va. Dec. 1776; resigned 1778. — 
(Heitman.) 

Wm. Stevens, ist Lt. ; Prisoner at Charleston. (Heitman.) 

There was a distribution of salt by the general Committee of 
Safety in March 1776, when Orange was credited with o^c militia, 
and received 300 bushels of salt. (Calendar Va. State Papers. VIIL 
140.) 

Captains Spencer and Taylor, with their subaltern officers, April i , 
1776, allowed till the 20th instant to complete their companies. 
The companies were reviewed May 8, and the officers commissioned. 

Abram Maury, adjt. Continental Line. {Ibid. VI. 393.) 

In 1781, Thomas Barbour (Cotmty Lieutenant, /6«/. IV. 639) 
reports the people badly armed because the men ordered into serv- 
ice were reqtoired to carry their arms but not allowed to bring them 
back. All clothing required had been collected and delivered, and 
the Coimty had furnished its full quota of men, thirty-seven, upon 
the last call. Two had absconded and one became insane. {Ibid. 
II. 607.) 



2s6 



History of Orange County 



In Mr. Wm. Kyle Anderson's book on the Robertson 
and Taylor families, is this remarkable account of the 
Orange Taylors in the Revolution. 

George Taylor, member of the Committee of Safety*, was the 
father of twelve sons, one of whom died before the Revolution, 
and one was only thirteen years of age when the war ended. The 
other ten all volunteered and served in the Revolution as follows: 



James, sergeant-major 
Jonathan, lieutenant 
Edmund, captain 
Francis, colonel 
Richard, captain in navy 



John, lieutenant in navy 
William, major 
Charles, surgeon 
Reuben, captain 
Benjamin, midshipman 



The same book is authority also for these Taylors : 

James, colonel; Richard, lieutenant-colonel, father of General 
Zachary Taylor; John, captain. 

Revolutionary Pensioners from Orange. 

{From Report of Secretary of War, 1835.) 
Under Acts 1785, 1816. 
Thomas Phillips, invalid Alexander Turner, invalid 



Under Act of 1818. 



Elijah Alvis 
John Atkins 
John Bourn 
Francis Hughs 
Julian (or Julius) King 



William Knighter [Knighton.] 
Charles Murphy 
Geo. Mansfield 
Peter Montague 



All privates in the Virginia Line. 



♦George Taylor was not a member of the committee. 



Appendix — War of Revolution 



257 



Under Act of 1832. 



Nicholas Bickers 

James Chiles 

Wm. Crittenden, wagon mas- 
ter 

John Davis, private 

Isaac Davis, senr. lieutenant, 
captain 

James Daniel 

Wm. Fisher 

Richard Goodell [Goodall] 

Richard Hill 

James Haney 

Wm. Jarrell 

RoBT. Mansfield 



James Nelson 
Geo. Newman 
Jonathan Pratt 
Absalom Roach 
John Smith 
Geo. Sheaman 
Bland Shiflet 
Zachariah Taylor 
Jere. White 
Thomas Walker 
John Williams, sergeant 
Richard White, (corporal, en- 
sign, lieutenant) 
Wm. Wayt 



All privates, except as otherwise indicated. 
Greene yet a part of Orange. 

Officers Pensioned, Act of May, 1828. 

James Burton, captain. Died 1829, widow, Elizabeth. 
Francis Cowherd, captain. Died 1833, widow, Lucy. 
Wm. White, captain. Died 1828, 

Revolutionary Pensioners Residing in Orange, Census 1840. 
John Almond Philemon Richards 



Lucy Cowherd '■'' 
Susan Campbell 
Wm. Crittenden 
James Chiles 
Wm. Fisher 
Geo. Morris 
Jonathan Pratt 



Danl. Young 

George Waugh, lieutenant 
and captain, who married 
Elizabeth B oston , and died 
in 181 4 — Widows ' File 
number 9873 — was also 
a pensioner. 



APPENDIX F. 



Commissions, 1734-1783. 



1735 

Goodrich Lightfoot 

Morgan Morgan 

Robert Cave, lieut. of horse 

1738 
John Lewis 

1740 
Captains: 

John Rucker 
Edmund Spencer 
Goodrich Lightfoot 
Bryan Sisson 
Lieutenants: 

Christopher Zimmerman 
Geo. Morton 
Francis Michael, comet 
Robert Slaughter, major 

1741 
Henry Downs, captain 
Wm. Bell, comet, of horse 
Wm. Beverley, coTonty lieuten- 
ant. Orange and Au- 
gusta Counties 
Thos. Chew, colonel 
RoRT, Slaughter lieutenant- 
colonel 
John Finlason, major 
Wm. Russell, captain 
RicHD. Winslow, captain 
Geo. Doggett, lieutenant 



Ensigns: 

Francis Michael 
Philip Bush 

1742 
James Patton, colonel, Au- 
gusta County 

Captains: 

John Buchannon 
John Smith 
Saml. Gay 
James Cathey 
John Christian 
Edward Spencer 
Henry Field 
Robt. Green 
Hugh Thompson 
Peter Sholl 
John Wilson 
John McDowell 
Robert Eastham 
James Gill 
Geo. Taylor 
Andrew Campbell 
Thos. Rutherford 
John Hibs 
John Pickens 
Isaac Pennington 
John Denton 



258 



Appendix — Military Commissions 



259 



Captains: 

Thos. Low 

Lewis Neil 

Geo. Anderson 

Richard Morgan 

Robert Brackenridge 

Jeremiah Smith 

Thomas Ashby 

Richard Woods 

Joseph Coalton 

John Brown 

Danl. McKeere 

John Matthews 

Saml. Ball 

Danl. Harrison 

RoBT. Cravan 
^ Alex. Dunlop 

Wm. Evans 
Lieutenants: 

John Moffett 

Wm Evans 

Geo. Morton 

Philip Clayton 

Thomas Jones 

C. Zimmerman 

Chas. DeWitt 

Benj. Roberts 

Robert Scott 

Thos. Jones 

John Quinn 

Geo. Hobson 

Jacob Hite 

John Harrison 

Saml. Morriss 

Joseph Carter 

Edward Watts 

Thos. Swearingen 

Robert Jones 

Wm. Peyton 



Lieutenants: 

Wm. Crockett 

David Vaunce 
Ensigns: 

Geo. Scott 

Saml. Farguson 

Wm. Duncan 

Wm. Anderson 

Francis Moore 

John Roberts 

Richard Yarborough 

Peter Russell 

John Funk 
James Wood, colonel of horse 

and foot 
John Lewis, colonel of foot 
Morgan Morgan, major 
John Buckannon, lieutenant- 
colonel of foot 

1743 
Captains: 

Robert Scott 

Wm. Linovell 

Benj. Alsor 
Lieutenants: 

John Dobbin 

Thomas West 
Ensign: 

John Watts 
Cornets: 

Thos. Linovell 

Thos. Harrison 

1744 
Captains: 

John Karr 

Wm. Smith 

Benj. Borden 
Lieutenant: 

Geo. Scott 



26o 



History of Orange County 



The claims of Capt. John Smith and his company, Capt. John 
Christian and his company, of Capt John Wilson, of Capt. John Guy 
and his company, of Capt. Bohannon, of Lieut. Just Stephonicus 
Smith, and of Lieut. John Douglas ordered to be certified to the 
General Assembly. 



Captains: 

Wm. Thompson 

Anthony Garnett 
Andrew Byrd, lieutenant 

1745 
Wm. Jameson, captain 
John Wetherell, ensign 

1749 
Geo. Taylor, lieutenant colo- 



1755 
Jeremiah Morton, captain 
J AS. Walker, lieutenant 

1757 
Francis Moore, major 
Richard Barbour, captain 
Lieutenants: 

Rust Hudson 

Johnny Scott 



nel 
1758. The Covirt purchased thirty-seven muskets, for the use of the 
militia vmable to provide themselves with guns, for ;^3i. 15s. 

Lieutenants: 

Hay Taliaferro 
Thomas Merry 
1770 



1761 
Captains: 

Reuben Daniel 
Thos. Jameson 
Johnny Scott 
1762 
Jas. Walker, captain 
Jas. Suggett, lieutenant 

1763 
Militia marched to Augusta. 

1764 
Wm. Taliaferro, colonel 

1767 
James Madison, county lieu- 
tenant 
Captains: 
Wm. Moore 
James Taylor 
Zachary Taylor, lieutenant 

1768 
Captains: 

Lawrence Taliaferro 
Wm. Moore 



John Bell, captain 

1772 
Charles Bruce, captain 

1773 
Thos. Jameson, ensign 

1774 
Captains: 

Zachy Taylor 

Vivian Daniel 
Jonathan Taylor, lieutenant 

1777 

Recommended to the Govern- 
or, for appointments: 

Nathaniel Mills, as captain 
vice V. Daniel, resigned. 

Saml. Brockman, lieutenant 

Toliver Craig vice Uriel 
Mallory, resigned. 



Appendix — Military Commissions 



261 



Richard Crittenden Webb, 

as lieutenant. 
Joseph Parrish, ensign 
Lieutenants: 
R. C. Webb 
Manoah Singleton 
Wm. Smith 
RoBT. Miller 
RoBT. Daniel 
Benoni Hansford 
James Hawkins 
RoBT. Johnson 
Wm. Buckner 
Geo. Stubblefield 
- — Richard Graves 
James Hawkins 
Geo. Waugh 
Caleb Lindsay 
Zachary Shackleford 
Robert Thomas, captain 
Enstgns: 

Robert Thomas 
James Head 
Ambrose Burton 
John Proctor 
Thomas Chambers 
Wm. Wright 
1778 
Zachy Burnley, Cotinty Lieu- 
tenant, vice James Madi- 
son, resigned. 
Lawrence Taliferro, lieu- 
tenant-colonel, vice Bvun- 
ley, promoted. 
Thos. Barbour, major, vice 

Wm. Moore, resigned. 
Ben J. Head, captain, vice 

Jere White, resigned. 

Wm. Buckner, captain, vice 

Geo. Smith, resigned. 



Zachy Herndon, captain, vice 

Johnny Scott, resigned. 
Richard Graves, captain, vice 

Chas. Bruce, resigned. 
Lieutenants: 

Robt. Miller 

May Burton 

Wm. Young 

John Procter 

Benoni Hansford 
promoted one grade. 
Ensigns: 

RiCHD. White 

Robt. Martin 
1779 
James Hawkins, captain 
Lieutenants: 

Abner Porter 

Chas. Porter, Jr. 

RiCHD. Price 

Geo. Waugh 

Reuben Moore 

Bellefield Cave 
Ensigns: 

Caleb Sisson 

John Scott 

Richard Moore Price 
Robt. Miller, captain, vice 

Benj. Head, resigned. 
May Burton and Richd. 

White, promoted. 
R. C. Webb, captain, vice Tol- 

iver Craig, resigned. 
Lieutenants: 

Jas. Parrish 

Richd. Cave 

Chas. Porter 
Ensigns: 

James Saunders 

Moses Willis 



262 



History of Orange County 



1780 
Edmund Shackleford, cap- 
tain, vice Coursey, resign- 
ed. 
Lieutenants: 

Lewis Ridley 

RiCHD. Payne 
John Rucker, ensign 
Geo. Waugh, captain, vice 

Francis Moore, Jr. 
Robt. Daniel, captain, vice 

Conway, resigned. 
May Burton, captain 
Lieutenaitts : 

Wm. Wright 

Rowland Thomas, Jr. 

Moses Willis 

Timothy Conner 

James Saunders 

Thomas Chambers 

John Pannill 

Wm. Burton 

Thos. Fortson 

John Beadles 

Prettyman Merry 

John Scott, Jr. 

Lewis Willis 
Ensigns: 

Alex. Newman 

Lewis Coleman 



Ensigns: 

John Herndon 

John Robinson 

Tiios. White 
1781 
Lieutenants: 

Wm. Thomas 

James Burton 

Zachy Shackleford 
Ensigns: 

James Stevenson 

Wm. Burton 
James Madison, Jr., county 
lieutenant vice Burnley, 
resigned. 
Thos. Barbour, colonel, vice 

Madison, promoted. 
BenjamiKt Johnson, lieuten- 
ant-colonel 
Ambrose Madison, major 
Bellefield Cave, captain 
Ensigns: 

Jas. Easley 

John Dawson 

Jas. Deering 

Chas. Thomas 

Jas. Sleet 

1783 
Garland Burnley, captain, 
vice Zachy Herndon 



This appears to have been the last appointment 
made during the period of the Revolutionary War, 

The "Calendar of State Papers," shows, however, 
that Thomas Barbour was County Lieutenant in the 
later years of the war, and it would seem that James 
Madison, Jr., never acted as such. 



APPENDIX G. 



Roster of the Montpelier Guards Dur- 
ing John Brown Raid, 1859. 

This company was organized and uniformed about 
two years before the raid occured. It did not partici- 
pate in the capture of Brown, but was ordered to 
Charles Town, where he was imprisoned, there being 
much talk of "rescue" at the time, and remained there 
until Brown and his accessories were hanged. 

This company was Brown's military escort to the 
scaffold. The roster was furnished by Mr. W. H. 
Ricketts, treasurer of Orange. 



Lewis B. Williams, Jr., capt. 
Geo. Cullen, first lieutenant 
James A. Newman, second 

lieutenant 
Dr. Thomas C. Revely, sur- 
geon 
Isaac T. Graham, first ser- 
geant 
Wm. H. Ricketts, color-bearer 
Don Pedro Gilabert (Peter 

Gilbert), drummer 
Privates: 

Thos. R. Bledsoe 

T. C. Boulware 

Ira Brockman 

L. T. Brockman 

Wm. Brockman 

R. W. Eddins 

Philip B. Hiden 

R. H. Houseworth 

Frank Hume 

Joseph L. Jackson 

Fleming Kendall 



Privates: 

Robert Kendall 
John Larmond 
Chas. C. Moore 
John Moore 
Robt. p. Moore 
W. L. Morris 
J. Q. Newman 
L. T. Oden 
Fleming Parker 
Thos J. Peyton 
M. D. Proctor 
Robt. H. Rogers 
A. F. Stofer 
W. R. Taliaferro 
John G. Terrell 
TowLES Terrell 
A. B. Thomas 
Thos. R. Towles 
J. T. Willeroy 
John Woolfolk 
Snowden Yates 



263 



APPENDIX H. 



Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 
1861 to 1865. 

The Montpelier Guard, Co. A., ijth Va. Infantry. 

{Roster furnished by W. H. Ricketts.) 



Captains: 

Lewis B. Williams f 

B. F. Nalle 

Champe G. Cooke f 

George Cullen 
Lieutenants: 

Isaac T. Graham 

Charles C. Moore 

Wilson S. Newman t 

Thomas T. Wilroy f 

M. S. Stringfellow 

H. C. Coleman 
J. S. Jackson, orderly ser- 
geant at Appomattox 
George C. Walters, second 

sergeant 
F. N. Goodwin, third sergeant 
W. H. Ricketts color sergeant 
Privates: 

Amos, Geo. A. 

Austin, S. T. 

Atkins, Hugh 

Bell, C. S. 

Bell, John W. 

Bickers, T. O. 

Brockman, L. T. sergeant t 

Brockman, Wm. 

Brockman, Joe 

t KiUed. 



Privates: 

Brockman, Asa 
Brockman, Ira S. f 
Brockman, A. T. 
Brockman, W. A. 
Brown, Wm. 
Brown, Henry 
Bernard, Richard S. 
Bledsoe, Thos. f 
BuRRUs, G. M. t 
Burrus, Robert f 
BuRRus, Joseph t 
Burrus, W. T. 
Burrus, Lancelot 
Bullock, Oswald 
Boulware, C. C. 
Boston, John T. 
Bresau, Peter 
Cave, R. C. 
Cave, R. L. 
Cave, Wallace L. 
Coleman, R. L. 
Coleman, L. L. 
Coleman, Burwell 
Chapman, Wm. 
Donald, Nimrod 
Downer, R. C. 
Downer, R. G. 



264 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 



265 



Privates: 

DiGGS, Henry A. 

DiGGS, Wm. 

DiGGS, Cole f 
DowNiN, Virgil 
eckloff, r. g. / 
Eddins, H. C. 
EsTES, Thomas 
EsTEs, John 
Faulkner, Carter B. 
Fletcher, T. N. 
fortney, w. h. 
Fry, Luther C. 
Fry, E. M. f 
Goodwin, L. T. f 
Garrison, George 
— Graves, Isaac 

Gilbert, Peter, drtunmer 
Halsey, p. W. 
Henderson, James M. 
Hays, Thos. (cook) 
Herndon, Theophilus 
Herndon, Reuben D. 
~~"Hunter, Wm. M. 
horton, j. s. 
Hume, F. D. 
Howard, Geo. W. f 
Hiden, p. B. 
Houseworth, R. H. 
Houseworth, V. A. 
Holland, T. 

Halsey, 

Holladay, Waller L. 
Jacobs, A. E. "^ 

Jones, Benj. 
Jones, W. A. 
Kendall, F. M. 
Kendall, R. S. 
Lancaster, J. E. 
Lipscomb, M. B. 
Lipscomb, Dan 



Privates: 

Layton, J. T., t 
Mallory, D. C, 
Maupin, L. 
Mason, Robert 
Meade, J. M. 
Meade, Nat. 
McClary, Charles 
Moore, R. P. 
Moore, J. M. 
Moore, John, f 
Morris, Wm. 
Miller, Christian 
Newman, Geo. A. 
Newman, John 
Newman, John Herbert f 
Newman, R. M. 
Oden, L. T. 
Oneal, James 
Powell, Robert f 
Powell, Hugh t 
Peake, Wm. B. t 
Pannill, p. p. 
Pannill, B. B. 
Payne, B. B. 
Payne, John 
Payne, Jas. W. 
Peyton, Geo. Q. 
Pratt, John 
Proctor, Morgan D. 
Porter, H. C. 
Richards, F. 
Richards, R. 
Roach, Henry D. 
Robinson, Thos. J. 
Roberson, Marcellus 
Rogers, R. H. f 
Rogers, Robt. 
Scott, Philip H. 
Scott, W. W. ^ 
Sizer, Jas. J. t 



t Killed. 



266 History of Orange County 

Privates: Privates: 

Slaughter, T. T. t Towles, T. R. 

Slaughter, Jas. Wayland, Martin V. 

Smith, Wm. J. Williams, Chas. C. 

Staples, Edward S. t Walters, Alfred 

Taliaferro, Peachy Williams, John G. 

Taliaferro, W. R. Willis, John 

Terrell, Towles Willis, H. Lee • 

Thomas, A. B. f Willis, R. G. 

Terrell, O. T. Woolfolk, Jas. H. 

Thompson, A. H. Wright, Wm. T. t 

Captain Williams was promoted to the rank of col- 
onel, and was killed in Pickett's charge at Gettysburg. 

R. M. Newman, orderly sergeant of the company, 
January i, 1864, subsequently an officer on the staff 
of Gen. George H. Steuart of Maryland, furnishes a 
roster of that date from his contemporaneous diary, 
from which a few names, not in the other list, have 
been incorporated. 

On January i, 1864, according to this diary, there 
were fifty-two enlisted men in the company subject to 
duty ; to give some idea of the losses in the Wilderness 
Campaign there were present for duty June 8, fourteen 
men, on July 7, eighteen. The subsequent battle of 
Winchester, September 29, was one of the most destruc- 
tive in which the company was engaged. 

''The Gordonsville Greys," Co. C, ijth Va. Infantry. 

{Roster by Capt. P. P. Barbour.) 

Captain: Sergeants: 

Scott, Wm. C. Weisiger, Wm. H. 

Lieutenants: Barbour, P. P. 

Goodman, G. A. Blackburn, A. J. 

Cowherd, E. F. Quarles, Wm. R. f 

Richards, C. H. 

tKiUed. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 



267 



Corporals: 

Baker, Benj. F. 

Baughan, Richd. a. 

Jones, Wm. R. 

Movers, Geo. W. 
Privates: 

Amos, Garrett 

Atkins, S. G. 

Anderson, Jno. W. f 

Battaile, J. R. 

Beale, C. W. 

Beale, N. G. 

Beale, Jas. N. t 

Baker, C. f 

Baker, J. O. 

Bibb, John t 

Bibb, James 

Baughan, J. N. 

Bear, Bernard 

Bragg, John 

Bragg, J. R. 

Brown, S. C. 

Brock, R. S. 

Bruce, W. D. 

Bruce, Jere 

Carter, Chas. H. 

Cowherd, Chas. S. 

Cowherd, Yelverton f 

Cowherd, M. D. 

Cowherd, C. C. 

Cooke, G. W. 

COLVIN, RoBT. 

Colvin, Green 
CoLviN John 
Davenport, J. T. 
Davis, Thos. A. 
Davis, W. D. 
Daniel, J. Bolling 
Dunn, W. M. 
Duval, Geo. W. 
Duval, Jno. P. 



Privates: 

EsKEW, Wm. J. 
Faulconer, G. W. 
Fegan, John f 
Goodman, Monoah 
Goodman, H. G. 
Garrison, James t 
Grubbs, John f 
Gibson, J. Frank 
Gentry, J. R. 
Heatwole, Benj. t 
Heatwole, John 
Hale, D. W. 
Hale, John t 
Harlow, Ben. 
Harris, R. H. 
Harris, Wm. 
Harper, Jas. 
Lancaster, Thos. 
Lancaster, John 
Leake, Austin M. 
Locker, John 
Locker, Wm. 
Magruder, David W. 
Magruder, Geo. W. t 
Mansfield, W. B. f 
Meade, Richd. 
Meade, Geo. 
Moore, Richard f 
Morris, Reuben J. 
Morris, Lemuel 
Mahanes, Jas. H. 
Mason, John 
Mallory, O. p. 
Newman, J. S. 
Newman, J. H. t 
Newman, R. M. 
Nolan, Thos. f 
Nolan, John 
Ogg, Jas. 
Ogg, Richd. 



t Killed. 



268 History of Orange County 

Privates: Privates: 

Omohundro, Melton f Robinson 

Pannill, John f Smith, W. T. 

Parrish t Smith, Henry 

Powell, Sullivan, Wm. 

Parrott, John Spicer, Addison 

Parrott, Thos. Shepherd James 

Quarles, Jas. C. Tyler, John 

Quarles, Chas. Trainum, Elias 

Richards, Richd. Whitlock, Geo. W. 

Robinson, Lewis f Whitlock, Thomas 

The successive captains in this company were 
G. A. Goodman, P. P. Barbour, and Benj. F. Baker. 
John Grubbs became a lieutenant. Captain Scott 
resigned, and later joined Crenshaw's Battery, 
and became quartermaster of the artillery batallion, 
with the rank of major. G. A. Goodman became 
colonel of the Thirteenth Virginia Infantry. Dr. W. 
S. Grymes went out with this company as surgeon and 
became chief surgeon of the division. Dr. Colby Cow- 
herd was assistant surgeon of the regiment, and was 
afterwards attached to the Twelfth Georgia Infantry. 
Lieut. E. F. Cowherd was adjutant while A. P. Hill 
commanded the regiment. 

''The Barhoursville Guard,'' Co. F, ijth Va. Infantry. 

{From an original imister roll in the office of the Secretary of Virginia 
Military Records — from October ji, i86i to December ji, 1861.) 

This company was organized about 1859, with the 
following officers. Capt, W. S. Parran, Lieutenants, 
ist, Andrew Jackson Eheart; 2nd Andrew Jackson 
White; 3rd, Joseph T. Wood. At the reorganization 
in 1862, A. J. Eheart was elected captain; C. L. Graves 

t KiUed. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 



269 



first, Conway Newman, second, and R. C. Macon 
third lieutenant. 

Captain Parran became an army surgeon and was 
killed at Sharpsburg, while helping to man a field piece 
of the Washington Artillery. 

Captain Eheart was killed in battle at Spotsylvania 
Courthouse, May 12, 1864. C. L. Graves was promoted 
captain in 1864 and retired disabled. Conway New- 
man became captain in 1865. 

Following is the official roster October 31, 1861 : 



Captain: 

Parran, W. S. 
First Lieutenant: 

Eheart, A. J. 
Second Lieutenant: 

Wood, Jas. T. 
Sergeants: 

Graves, C. L. 

FiTZHUGH, O. S. 

MuNDY, Albert 

Herndon, Robt. N. 
Corporals: 

Shotwell, Jerry 

Marshall, Thos. A. 

Payne, Richd. N. 

Wayland, Abram C. 
Privates: 

Bledsoe, A. B. 

Brooking, E. W. 

Brockman, John 

Cason, Joel 

Carpenter, B. F. 

Clarke, W. S. 

Chewning, Jas. L. 

COBBS, T. S. 

Davis, Ashman T. 

Calvin, Joseph A. 

Dickenson, Elijah 

DoLiN, Thos. 

Eubank, T. P. 



Privates: 

Faulconer, John C. 
Harvey, John L. 
Harvey, Thomas 
Herndon, B. F. 
Johns, John S. 
Johns, Henry C. 
Keeton, J. J. 
Kennedy, H. S. 
Lamb, Ezekiel 
Lucas, John H. 
Macon, R. C. 
Newman, Conway 
Pettit, Ira W. 
Pettit, T. J. 
Pitman, R. C. 
Roach, John W. 
Rourke, O. 
Shotwell, Caswell 
Simpson, Jas. M. 
Stogdell, J. E. 
Thomas, Fountain 
Wayland, B. B. 
WiLHOiT, John N. 
Wood, Bellfield W. 
Wood, E. R. 
Wright, Wm. B. 
Jas. W. Thomas had been 
discharged in May. 



270 



History of Orange County 



The following names, in addition, are on a list fur- 
nished by W. H. Ricketts: 



Privates: 

Bledsoe, E. T. 
Bledsoe, C. B. 
Beck, F. B. 
Brooking, V. C. 
Brockman, Bellfield 
Brookman, John 
Brookman, Henry 
Bradford, J. E. 
Campbell, H. 
Collins, Lewis 
Dickerson, Burnett 
Dickerson, Edward 
Davis, J. F. 
Davis, G. W. 
Douglas, J. M. 
Dunn, Alonzo 
Early, G. W, 

ESTES, W. 

Faulconer, W. F. 
Faulconer, Nicholas 
Faulconer, Wm. 
Fuller, Geo. 
Ferneyhough, John 
Gay, John 

Garner, (or Games) Robt. 
Gilbert, Henry 



Privates: 

Herndon, Henry 
Herndon, J. F. 
Head, N. V. 
Heatwole, Benj. 
Johns, Robt. 
Lee, James 
Miller, Danl. 
Osborne, Danl. 
Parrott, B. B. 
Payne, R. N. 
Richards, R. 

SiMMS, F. 

Southard, Ben. 
Thomas, F. 
Thomas, Henry 
Thompson, Wm. 
Thompson, R. M. 
Thompson, Henry 
Whitelaw, J. D. 
Williams, J. M. P. 
White, J. H. 
White, T. P. 
Wood, W. B. 
Wood, Dick 
Wood. B. W. 



On an official pay roll, lent the Secretary of Virginia 
MiHtary Records by R. Henry Chilton, Ottoman Post 
Office, Virginia, from February 18, to April, 1862, nearly 
all the foregoing names are to be found and these addi- 
tional : 



Brookman, P. 
Campbell, T. C. 
Campbell, J. 



Campbell, F. M. 
Cash, J. P. 
Cash, J. G. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 



271 



Coleman, G. 

Decker 

Davis, T. J. 
Drummond, J. H. 
Faulconer, Fred. 
Gannaway, J. M. 
Henderson, J. V. 
Mautiply, J. G. 
Page, R. J. 
Rayner, Thos. 



RiCKARDS, L. A. 

Sothards, B. 
Thompson, J. W. 
Thompson, H. H. 
Via, J. W. 
Wayland, a. C. 
Ware, T. W. 
Woodson, M. B. 
Watts, S. C. 



Roster of Company C. yth Va. Infantry. 

{Furnished by Lieut. N . T. Bartley.) 

This company was first commanded by Capt. John 
C. Porter of Culpeper, and all the other officers, James 
W. Green, John R. Strother and Daniel Brown were 
also from that County. Subsequently J. W, Almond 
of Orange became captain, and N. T. Bartley and 
Jeremiah Pannill, lieutenants. 

Following is the roster of the soldiers from Orange : 



Apperson, Wm. 
Apperson, C. 
Bledsoe, George 
Bledsoe, J. A. 
Conway, Albert 
Cook, W. J. 
Childress, Wm. 
Coleman, Thos. P. 
Coleman, John 
Coleman, J. A. 
Davis, Wm. 
Davis, Thomas 
Dempsey, Robert 
Dempsey, Wm. 
Dempsey, Coleman 
Dempsey, Levi 
England, Robert 



Eliason, Geo. P. 
Hume, B. W. 

Hume, Benjamin 
Hume, Francis 
Hall, Henry 
Hall, John 
Hawkins, Benjamin 
Hart, Frederick 
Hefflin, George 
Jones, J. H. 
Johnson, Jas. S. 
MiNNicK, Daniel 
Morton, Jeremiah 
Morton, Dr. C. B. 
Morris, J. F. 
Morris, George 
Morris, Thomas 



272 



History of Orange County 



Porter, Chas. W. 
Rhoades, R. B. 
Richards, Jas. P. 
Richards, Jas. C. 
Ruffner, p. H. 
Smith, A. W. 
Smith, R. A. 
Smith, W. B. 
Smith, William 
Smith, Nathaniel 
SissoN, N. H. 
TiNSLEY, J. "W. 
Tinder, J. T. 



Vass, James 
Webb, Ed. C. 
Webb, Ed. W. 
Webb, R. C. 
Webb, J. W. 
WooLFREY, Jeremiah 
Woolfrey, Benjamin 
Woolfrey, Burruss 
Willis, Isaac 
Willis, Gordon 
Willis, Lewis 
Wiltshire, Alfred 



In Company "E," of the same regiment were these 
Orange soldiers: 



Jacobs, John 



Watson, B. F. 



Smith, J. K. P. 



Peyton's Battery, later Fry 
(List front W, 

Captain: 

Peyton, Thos. J. 
First Lieutenant: 

Fry, C. W. 
Second Lieutenant: 

Moore, John 
Third Lieutenant: 

Cannon, Robert 
Sergeants: 

Cave, Wallace 

Frazer, John 

Rawley, W. H. H. 

Slaughter, Mercer 
Corporals: 

HiGGiNS, Geo. W. 

Newman, Jas. F. 

Darnell, J. F. f 

Payne, B. C. 

t KiUed. 



'Sy in Cutshaw's Battalion. 

H. Ricketts.) 

Privates: 
Adams, J. f 
Aylor, B. 
Atkins, Hugh 
Amos Wm. 
Bell, John- 
Bell, Orville 
Bell, Granville 
Bridwell, O. H. 
Brown, Wesley 
Ballard, Winfield 
Ballard, C. 

Bailey, 

Brock, A. 
Brock, J. 
Coats, E. f 
Coats, Jas. 
Campbell, J. S. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 



273 



Privates: 

Davis, Chas. t 
EsTES, Frank 

ESTES, Wm. 

Everett, Wm. 
Faudree, J. M. 
Gillespie, J. N. t 
Graham, Thos. 
Garrett, A. 
Garrett, Joe 
Gilbert, P. 
Herndon. Thos. 
Hawley, J. A. 
Hughes, Toney 
Hughes, John 
Harrison, Wm. H. 
Hansford, John 
Hansbrough, Byrd 
Herring, E. f 
Herring, F. T. 
Heatwole, Jos. 
Jones, Wm. t 
Jerdone, Wm. 
Leathers, Andrew t 
Martin, Wm. 
Mastin, Wm. 
Mastin, Tim 
Mason, J. F. 

MUNDAY, B. 

Morris, Chas. 



Privates: 

Morris, Fenton 
McClary, J. F. 
Mitchel, W. E. 
Nighting, Rufus 

Nighten, 1 

Newman, T. T. t 
Oneil, Jas. 
Peyton, M. D. 
Rife, Not. 
Rogers, J. N. 
Richards, Robt. 
Racer, Jas. f 
Reynolds, G. W. 
Reynolds, W H. 
Schooler, Garrett f 
Sanders, John 
Sanders, Jas. 
Shiflet, J. F. 
Shepherd, Henry 
Smith, John 
Thacker, Wm. 
Thacker, Joseph 
Whitlock, G. W. t 
WiNSLow, Thos. 
Walkins, R. S. 
Waugh, R. S. 
Wattles, Andrew 
Williams, Joseph 



C. W. Fry became captain, Mercer Slaughter, lieuten- 
ant and W. B. Willis quartermaster sergeant. 

The Orange Rangers, Co. I, 6th Va. Cavalry 

This company was mustered into service at Rhoades- 
ville, May 4, 1861, and "travelled thence to Culpeper 
Courthouse, where it arrived June 11, 1861." From 



274 



History of Orange County 



an original official muster roll, owned by Mr. Alexander 
T. Browning: 



Captain: 

Browning, G. J. 
First Lieutenant: 

Walker, Wm. H. 
Second Lieutenant: 

Roberts, John A. 
Third Lieutenant: 

Sale, John S. 
Sergeants: 

WooLFOLK, John W. 

Morton, Wm. J. 

Terrill, Robt, M. 

Andrews, Wm. S. 
Corporals: 

Roach, James 

Mallory, John 

Stone, Wm. J. 

Cooper, John J. 
Bugler: 

Childress, Henry P. 
Privates: 

Almond, L. V. 

Almond, Thos. 

Bourne, W. T. 

Burrus, W. T. 

Brown, James W. 

Baker, Jos. H. 

Bickers, Jno. W. 

Collins, Wm. S.' 

Carson, Thos. S. 

Cooper, Alex. H. 

Cooper, Alfred 

Clark, S. T. 

Canady, J. T. 

Crawley, Adam G. 

Craven, Chas. M. 

corbell, s. v. 

Durrer, John C. 

Garth, L. T. 

Gilbert, J. E. 

t Killed. 



Privates: 

Hal"Sey, Joseph J. 
Hart, Malcolm 
Hansford, W. A. 
Hartley, Thos. J. 
Hopkins, Z. 
Hughes, Jefferso.n 
Jones, Luther M. 
Jones, M. A. 
Kube, Lewis 
Lancaster, Richd. 
Lee, Lafayette 
Mallory, W. M. 
Mallory, Robt. 
Martin, T. J. 
Martin, Robt. 
McClaine, Robt. 
Mason, Horatio P. 
Mills, Alex. H. 
McCuLLouGH, Robt. S. 
Partlow, J. M. 
Proctor, Marcellus 
Proctor, Walter R. 
Proctor, Oswald C. 
Quarles, Henry 
Row, Elhanan W. 
Reynolds, J. W. 
Reynolds, Jos. B. 
Richards, Geo. W. 
Rhoads, Achilles 
SissoN, Abner J. 
Stubbs, Jesse 
Thompson, Chas. H. 
Thompson, Jas. B. 
Tinder, E. H. 
Waugh, Chas. S. 
White, James H. 
Wigglesworth, C. 
Wood, W. S. 
Young, J. R. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 275 

From Judge D. A. Grimsley, who was major of the 
regiment, it is learned that subsequent captains were 
John Row, WilHam J. Morton and John W. Woolfolk; 
lieutenants C. B. Brown and J. T. Mann, both killed at 
Brandy Station, Jmie 9, 1863, William Willis, J. H. 
White, James Roach and Samuel Andrews. 

Mr. J. M. Gardner gives the names of James Roach 
and Abner Sisson as lieutenants and the name of lieu- 
tenant Andrews as William H. instead of Samuel. 

J. J. Halsey became quartermaster of the regiment 
with rank of captain and E. W. Row was appointed an 
assistant surgeon. 

The surgeons from the county were — 

Doctors: Doctors: 

Grymes, W. S. Row, E. W. 

Parran, W. S. t Taliaferro, H. D. 

Newman, Geo. S. Terrell, R. M. 

Morton, C. B. Magruder, H. P. f 

Slaughter, A. E. Jones, Luther 
Cowherd, Colby 

Major William C. Scott, who was at one time orderly 
sergeant of Crenshaws' Battery, credits the following 
names of that company to Orange: 

Coleman, J. C. Lancaster, D. M. 

Coleman L. L. (temporary) Loving, Taliaferro P. 

Graves, B. V. Mallory, R. H. 

Graves, Thos. E. Mallory, Thos. J. 

Herndon, J. C. Proctor, A. 

Hackley, a. S. Proffitt, W. W. 

Herndon, R. S. Payne, John A. 

Johnson, T. T. Quisenberry, J. N. 



X 



Lumsden, G. G. vWood, Thomas 

Lumsden, C. L. 

t KiUed. 



276 History op Orange County 

It is known that a number of Orange soldiers served 
in the Wise Artillery, but it has been impossible to 
get a list of them. 

These names are added from personal memory: 

In Albemarle Light Horse, Second Cavalry. 
Magruder, Jas. W., Lieut, f Newman, N. W. 

Newman, Thos. Henry f Morton, Jas. W. 

Willis, John 

In "Black Horse" Troop, Fourth Cavalry. 

Taliaferro, C. C. Willis, H. Lee 

Taliaferro, Robt. Scott, W. W. 

In Madison Company, Fourth Cavalry. 
Graves, J. W. C. Houseworth, R. H. 

The following held Commissions: 

Taylor, Erasmus Taliaferro, John 

Newman, Chas. Sheridan Jones, Philip B. 

Graves, R. P. Williams, Wm. G. 
Herring, Wm. 

The following were Chaplains: 
Davis, Richd. T. Hiden, James C. Willis, Edward 

E. Goss. was in Lee's Guard, Thos. A. B. Scott, was in 
Grandy's Battery, and Byrd Charles Willis, was in ninth Vir- 
ginia Cavalry. 

The following were in service, but regiments 
unknown : 

Graves, Wm. C. Bell. Reuben 

Taliaferro, Frank, a noted Linney, C. B. 

scout, t Linney, H. B. 

Willis, Thos. Barbour Cole, Wm. f 

Cowherd, Frank Newman, J. B. Jr. 
Jones, A. Seddon 

t Killed. 



Appendix — Confederate Soldiers 277 

It is well known to the writer that this roster is far 
from complete; yet it is far and away the completest 
grouping of Orange soldiers yet compiled, and he has 
had endless trouble in compiling it. Unless the chapter 
of the "Daughters" at Orange take up the matter at 
once, and give it continuous and earnest attention, an 
exhaustive roster can never be compiled. It is vain 
to hope that either the State or federal government 
will ever compile one that will even approximate com- 
pleteness. 



APPENDIX I. 
Members of The Various Conventions. 

1775, March 20. Thomas Barbour, James Taylor. 
1775, July 17. Thomas Barbour. 

1775, December i. Thomas Barbour, James Taylor. 

1776, May 6. James Madison Jr., William Moore. 
1788. To consider the Federal Constitution, James 

Madison Jr., James Gordon. 

1829-30. To revise State Constitution, James Madi- 
son Jr., Philip Pendleton Barbour. 

1850-51. "The Reform Convention," John Woolf oik. 

1 86 1. The Secession Convention, Jeremiah Morton. 

1867-8. The Reconstruction, or Undenvood Conven- 
tion, Frederick W. Poor. 

1901-2. To Revise and amend the constitution, A. C. 
Walter. 



27S 






APPENDIX J. 

Members of The Colonial House of 

Burgesses. 

From Orange County front 1736 to the formation of the Comm^on- 
wealth, June 2g, 1776. — From Stanard's "Colonial Register." 

1736-8, Robert Green, William Beverley. 

1740, (Robert Green had become sheriff.) William 
Beverley. 

1742, Henry Downs (expelled during session for mis- 
conduct prior to his candidacy), Robert Slaughter 
(tmseated on contest and new election ordered for both 
seats). This assembly first met May 6, 1742, and by 
prorogation in 1744, twice in 1746, and was dissolved 
April 8, 1747. Orange appears to have been unre- 
presented during all these years by reason of the un- 
seating of her members. 

1747, George Taylor. 

1748-9, George Taylor, John Spotswood, 

1753-58, George Taylor, Benjamin Cave. 

1758-60, Benjamin Cave, William Taliaferro. 

1 761. Benjamin Cave, James Taylor. 

1761-65, James Taylor, James Walker. 

1765-68, James Walker, Zachariah Burnley 

1769-71, James Walker, Thomas Barbour. 

-1772-3, Thomas Barbour, Zachariah Burnley. 

1774, Thomas Barbour, 

1775, Thomas Barbour, James Taylor. 

279 



\) 



INDEX 



Adams, Richard, 71. 
Albemarle, 31. 
Allen, Benjamin, 31. 
American Archives, 64. 
Anderson, George, 30. 
Anderson William Kyle, 84. 
Appalachian Mountains, 100, 104. 
Army of Northern Virginia, 40. 
Ashby's "bent" (gap), 30. 
Assessments for taxation, com- 
parative, 167. 
Atkinson, Thos., 169. 
Auberge, Conrad, 82. 
Augusta, 29, 30(3), 31. 



B 



Bagby, G. W., 193. 

Baker, Clay, 197. 

Ball. 34; Sam'l. 26(2), 27(2). 

Ballard, Garland, 40; Philip, 76. 

Ballenger, Andrew, 82. 

Baltimore furnishes seeds in 1865, 
161. 

Banks, 168. 

Bank of Orange, 38. 

Baptists, Separate, 47. 

Barbour, 33, 44, 77; B. J., 129, 
150, 151; Sketch, 181; Jamps, 
26, 27, 28, 127, 139(2), 142, 
178; Sketch, 181-2; P. P.. 
139, 178; Sketch, 182-3; Rich- 
ard, 44; Thomas, 63, 65, 70. 
71; Sketch, 183; Thos. Jr.. 
124. 



B arbours ville, 47, 49; Sketch, 202- 
203. 

Bamett, John, 29. 

Bamett's, Ford, 29, 

Bartley, J. A., Sketch, 183. 

Battles in County, 155-6. 

Baylor, 77; John, Co. Lieuten- 
ant, 176, 180. 

Beale, Travemer, 36. 

Beard, 31. 

Becket, John, 44. 

Bell, 44; Charles, 124; Mary, 75: 
Thos., 44, 65, 71, 124; Wm.. 
44, 65, 69, 71(2); Z. 134. 

Benefit of Clergy, 8, 136. 

Bennett, Bartlett, 71. 

Beverley, 77, 98, 99, in, 112; H, 
180(2); Robt., io4;Wm..3S, 
180. 

Beverley Manor, 30 (2), 31. 

Blackbeard, 193. 

Blakey, James G., 40. 

Black Hills, composition, 1x7. 

"Black and Tan Convention, "163 

Black Walnut Rtm, 28, ^Sy 35- 

Blankenbaker, Balthaser, 82;Mat- 
thias, 82. 

Bledsoe, Aaron, 48; Abraham, 30; 
Isaac, 30. 

Blind Run, 108. 

Bloomsbury, 87. 

Blue Ridge, 30(2), 31. 

Blue Run, 47(3), 48; 180. 

Board of Supervisors, 40. 

Bohannon, William, 30, 56. 

Bomer, John, 30. 

Borden, B., 26. 29, 134. 



281 



282 



History of Orange County 



Bouquet, Colonel, 58. 

Bradford, Col., 143. 

Bransford, John, 30. 

Brent, Geo. P.. 40. 

Brick Church, 42. 

British Spy, 47. 

Brock, William, bo, Oi. 

Brock's Bridge, 73, 130. 

Broil, Jacob, 82; John, 82(2). 

Brooke, 98, 100. 

Brooking, 42. 

Brown, John, Raid, 146. 

Browning, Francis, 30(2). 

Bruce, Captain, 71 

Bi-umback, Melchior, 80. 

Brunswick County, 31. 

Bryan, Morgan, 49. 

Bryant, William, 30. 

Buchanan, John, 31. 

Buckner, 72. 

BuUard, Richard, 61. 

Bullock, James, 59. 

Burgesses, List of. Appendix J. 

278. 
Burlington, 127; Sketch, 203. 
Burnley, John, 124; Zachary, 47, 

50, 65, 71, 72; Capt. 76. 
BuRRUs Boys, tragic story of, 

157-8- 
Burton, 44, 72; James, 139; Capt. 

May, 42. 
Bush, Philip, 30. 
Byrd, Colonel, 27, 58, 59, 87. 



Calwell, Robert, 31. 
Cameron Lodge, 203. 
Campbell, 44, 98, loi; Gilbert, 31. 
Campbellton, 203. 



Cannon, old, near Orange and at 

Orange Springs, 179. 
Cannon River, 25. 
Cape Capon, 31. 
Carpenter, William, 30, 82. 
Carter, Charles, 35; John, 82. ,^ 
Catawba Creek, 31. 
Cave, 44, 77; Benj., 26, 28, 36; 

Richard, 71; Robert, 30; 

William, 60, 6t. 
Cave's Ford, 42. 
Cedar Island Ford, 35. 
Census 1782; Appendix B. 
Chandler, Jere. 71. 
Chapm.an, Richard M., 40(2); 

Reynolds, 40; Capt. 76. 
Charles River, 17. 
Cherry Tree Bottom, 31. 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, 31. 
Chew, 44, 77; Colby, 183; Larkin, 

184; Thomas, 26(2), 27, 28, 

I 33(2), 35. 37. 38, 180. 

Chew's Mill, 29. 

Churches, Coloniai,, 42-5; Mid- 
dle or Brick, 42; plate, 43: 
desecration, 43; Pine Stake, 
44; Families connected with, 
44; Glebe Farm, 44; Modern 
St. Thomas, Zion, 49; Other 
Old. 46, 51; Blue Run. 
47; The Blind Preacher's, 
47; Old Zion, Pamunkej', 
48: of Blind Preacher, 
204; Number by Denomina- 
tions, 172. 

Churchwardens, 123. 

Clark, Geo. Rogers, 14; Wm. 75. 

Clerk's OfTice, 39, 40. 

Cleveland, Benj., sketch. 184. 

Clifton, sketch. 204. 



Index 



283 



Clore, Michael, 82. 

Clouder, 98, 1x2, 180; Rim. 112. 

Cobbler, Frederick, 82. 

Coleman, James, 74; John, 72; 
Thos. 139. 

Commissions, Military, 1734-8,^. 
Appendix F., 258—62. 

Committee of Safety, 65-70; 
Wingate's disloyalty, 66-8: 
Address to Patrick Henry, 69. 

Commonwealth's Attorneys, 179. 

Confederate Chaplains, 275. 

Confederate pensioners, pensions, 
172. 

Confederate Soldiers, Roster, 
264-76; Montpelier Guard, 
264-6; Gordonsville Grays, 
266-8; B arbours ville Guard 
268-70; Company "C, " 7th 
Va. Infantry, 271; of Orange 
Soldiers in Company "E;" 
ditto, 272; Peyton's Batter3^ 
later Fry's, 272-3; of Orange 
Rangers, 273-4; In Cren- 
shaw's Battery, 275; in vari- 
ous commands, 275-6. 

Confederate Surgeons, 275. 

Conner, John, 30. 

Conney, Captain, 71. 

Convention, 1861; candidates for, 
149. 

Conventions, Members of, Ap- 
pendix J, 277. 

Convention Trooxjs, 72. 

Conway, 44; Captain, 71; Catlett, 
71, 139; F. 180. 

Conway River, 24. 

Cook, Michael, 82. 

Cooke, John Esten, loi. 

Coons, Joseph,' 80. 



Count}^ levy, 129; rate, 171. 

County records. 5. 

Coimty Seat, statistics, 169. 

County Standard, 30. 

Courthouses, 33-41 ; Col. Spots- 
wood's offer, 34. 

Cowherd, Francis, 38, 61, 139; 
James, 28, 59. 

Craig, Captain, 71; E, 47, 48, 51. 
71, 178. 

Crenshaw, W. G., sketch, 184-5; 
Battery, Orange Soldiers in, 
275; Record of rainfall, 119. 

Crimes and Punishments, 133; 
Peter's decapitation ; Eve 
burnt at stake, 135; Deserter 
sold, 134; Cropping ears, 136; 
Non-attendance at church, 
177. 

Crosthwait, 37, 59; Isaac, 59, 61; 
Jacob, 61; Timothy, 36, 37; 
William, 30. 

Culpepper, 32, 37. 

Culpeper Minute Men, 37. 57, 

Curtis, Chas., 26, 37. 



D 



Dances, neighborhood, 125-6. 
Daniel. 44; Reiiben, 71; Vivian, 

65,69; Travers, 218. 
Daughters of Confederacy, 158. 
Davis, Samuel, 59. 
Davis, Isaac, 139; Jonathan, 50. 
Davison, Thos., 124. 
Dinkle, Samuel, 40. 
Dissenters, 46-9. 
Douglas, Margaret, 71. 
Downer, J.. iSo. 



284 



History of Orange County 



Downs, Henry, 30, 36; "Rtin- 
away, " expelled from Hotise 
of Burgesses, 176. 

Dunmore, 63(2), 69. 

du Pont, Wm., 168, 209 

E 

Earnest, Rev. Joseph 72. 
Eastham, Robt., 26. 
Edmondson, Joseph, 71. 
Education, 126; of girls, 127. 
Elevation, mean, 120. 
Elk Run, 29. 
England, Mr., 97. 
Essex County, 79. 
Euphrates, no. 
Eve, 35 ; Burnt at stake, 135. 
Expedition Run, 100. 
Explanations, 7. 



Falling Spring, 31. 

Fairfax, Lord, 24, 93; Grant, 24. 

Farmer, A.. 68; A. W., 67. 

Fennel^ Jonathan, 30. 

Fenney, 30. 

Field, 34; A, 26, 27; Col., 61; 

M. G., 168. 
Finks, Mark, 30. 
Finlason, John, 26 (2), 27 {2), 34, 

134. 

Fishback, John, 80; Herman, 80. 

Fiscal and Statistical, 166-173. 

Fisher, Patrick, 60, 61. 

Fitzgerald, Thomas, 59. 

Fleshman, Z., 82. 

Fontaine, John, 81, 98(2), 99. 
Fontaine's Journal, tra- 
montane expedition, 104-13. 



Forbes, General, 58. 

Fort Duquesne, 58. 

Franklin, Edward, 30; Jesse, 
sketch, 185. 

Frascati, sketch, 204-5. 

Fredrick Co., 29, 30(2), 31(2). 

Fredericksburg, 85. 

Freedsmen's Bureau, 160. 

Free people of color, their trans- 
portation, 177. 

French and Indian Wars, 58-62 ; 
Anecdotes, 61. 

Fry. P. S., 40; Sketch, 185. 

Fry's Battery, Roster, 272-3. 

Furnace, John, 61. 

Fumes, John, 59. 



G 



Gaines, James, 60-1. 

Gaming, 124-5. 

Garth, John, 29. 

Gent, gentleman, 7. 

Germanna, 28, 34, 42, 47, 78, 79, 
80, 81(2), 82, 83,84,85,86,92, 
94, 100, 112; AND First Set- 
tlers, 77-86; First and 
second German Colonies, 
80-84; English settlement, 
84; Decadence, 85. 

Gennan Protestants. 77, 81. 

German Road, 29. 

Germantown, 81, 104. 

Gibbs, Francis, 60, 61. 

Gibson, John, 139; Jonathan, 27. 

Gilbert, Peter, 125. 

Glebe Farm, 44. 

"Good Roads," bond issue for, 

171- 
Gooch, William. 20. 



Index 



285 



)^. Gordon, James, sketch, 186; R. 
L., 163; Wm. F., sketch, 
186-7. 

Gordonsville, 48,49; 'Boom," 169; 
Elevation, 115; Gazette, 129; 
"Greys" roster, 266-68. 

Governor's Ford, 35. 

Graffenreid, Baron de, 81. 

Graves, 72. 

Greame, Mr. 91. 

Great Bridge, 64. 

Green, Robert, 26, 27, 134. 

Greene County, 32(2). 

Grigsby, Hugh Blair, 188. 

Grymes, Benjamin, 71; Pej'^ton, 
40; Wm. S. Camp Confeder- 
ate Veterans, 158. 



H 



Haeger, Henry Rev., 81., 

Hackley, Francis, 59. 

Haley, Edward, 29. 

Halsey, R. O., bank president, 16S 

Hamilton, G. H., 179. 

Hamilton, Reuben, 124. 

Hamilton, Wm., 124. 

Harmon, Adam, 31. 

Hartswell, Rev., Richard 45. 

Hase, Moses, 73. 

Hawfield, 44; Sketch, 205. 

Hawkins, 72; William, 73. 

Haxall, R. B., 178. 

Head, Anthony, 30. 

Head, Benjamin, 72. 

Head, George, 30. 

Hebron church, 47, 83. 

Hedgeman's river, 25. 

Hende.rson, William, 28. 



Henry, P., 14, 68, 69, 70, 191. 

Henshaw, Eliz. 3 . 

Hensley, Jane, 72. 

Hemdon, 72; Z., 74, 124. 

Hervey, Henry, 60. 

Hiden, 40; Dr. J. C. 129; Jos. 40. 

Hill, A. P. 58; Headquarters, 155. 

Hinke, William J., 83. 

Historic Homes, sketches, 202- 

215; names, 213-15. 
Hite, Joist, 26, 29, 30, 31. _.---- 
Hitt, Peter, 80. 
Hobson, G. , 26. 
Hoffman, John Henry, 80. 
Hogg, Captain, 58. 
Hog stealing, 133. 
Holladay, H. T., 151. 
Holt, Michael, 82. 
Holtzclaw, Jacob, 80. 
Hopewell, 197. 
"Horse College," 178. 
Houdon, inscription on liis statue 

of Washington, 191-2. 
Howard, John, 29, 30. 
Howe, H., 22. 
Hughes, Geo., 124. 
Hume, 36. 
Hunt clubs, "Tomahawk, " "BUie 

Run." 168. 



I 



Importations, list of persons. 

Appendix A, 225. 
Indians, Antiquities, 52-7; 

Moitnd, 52-7; Court orders, 

56; Tomahawk, 57; Camp of 

Minute Men. 57. 
Indians, 55. 



286 



History of Orange County 



Jones, Ferdinand, 163; on Com- 
mittee to raise war subscrip- 
tion, and look after families 
of soldiers, 15 1-3; Rev. 
Hugh, 84; C, 74. 

Joice, Tully, 45. 

Johnson, Benjamin, 74. 

Jerdone, 84. 

Jefferson, Thomas, record of 
rainfall, 120, 202. 

Jamestown, fomided, 14. 

James, River, 31(2), 109. 

Jackson, "Stonewall," headquar- 
ters, 155. 



Kaffer, Michael, 82. 

Kelly, William, 30. 

Kemper, C. E., 80; J, L., 83; 
Sketch, 187; John, 80; 
Andrew, 82. 

Kmg's Road, 31. 

Knights of the Horseshoe, 
'i98-ii3; The party, 98; The 
journey, 99; Discrepancies, 
99; The horseshoes, 100; 
Sic Juvat, loi; The poem, 
103; Fontaine's Journal, 
T04-13; Distance travelled, 
113- 



Lamb, James, 60; John, 59, 61; 
Richard, 59, 61; Wm., 60. 

Land grants, old, grantees of, 180. 

Lane, Littleberry, 61. 

Latane, 180. 

Leach, Edward, 193. 

Lederer, John, 102. 

Lee, Thomas, Hon., 37; J. H.. 40, 
i49;Robt. E., 49, 150; Head- 
quarters, 155. 

Leland, Parson, 44, i88. 

Lewis, John, 30; M., 1 2 7 ; Zachai-y 
28, 179. 

Libert}'^ Mills, skirmish at, 156. 

Licking Rvm, 81. 

Lightfoot. Colonel, 30, 33, 77: 
Goodnch, 26, 134; John, 26. 

Limestone , ' ' String, " 115; Quar- 
ries, analyses, 116. 

Lindsay, 72; R., County Chart, 
177. 

Literary Fund, 139. 

Locust Lawn, 206. 

Long, Allen, 125; Philip, 176. 

Lottery, to pave roads at C. H., 40. 

Loitisa R. R., 131. 

Low, Littleberry, 60. 

Lucas, John, 59. 

Liitherans, 82; Church in Madi- 
son, 47. 

Lyne, H. O., 168. 



M 



La Fayette, Marquis de, 74; Sta- 
tion where Marquis camped, 
175- 



Magisterial districts, why so laid 
ofif, 164; whom named for, 
164. 

Magnetic declination, 120. 

Marble, Todd's quarry, 116. 

Marquis's Road, 174. 



Index 



287 



Massacre, the great, 16. 

McClamej'', 71. 

McClayland, Daniel, 59, 136. 



Madison, 



57. 44, 77; Ambrose, 



180(2); Mrs. Ambrose, 27; 
James, 44(2), 45. 5°, 65, 71, 
72(2), 73; James, Jr., 63, 65, 

69. 71(2), 72, 124, i77. 178; 
Sketch. 188-92; his will 
239-43; Wm., Jr., 124. 

Marshall, Rev., Mungo, 43. 

Magrudkr Boys, tragic story of, 
156-7. 

Mallory, Uriel, 71. 

Manahoac Indians, 52. 

Marshall, 43; John, 176, igi. 

Martin, John Joseph, 80; Rev. 
Thos., 44. 

Mahone, Wni. , 49 : Engineer Plank- 
road, 145. 

Mason, 98, 112. 

Maury, L. H., 127; Walker, 127. 

Mayhiu-st, 207. 

Meade, Bishop, 42. 

"Mechanic," incorporated, 179. 

Meherrin Indians, 105. 

Mercer, 29: John, 28, 29. 

Merry, Prettyman, 73. 

Meyer, George, 82. 

Middle Church, 42. 

Military district, removal of offi- 
cials, iron clad oath, 16 1-2. 

Miller, 72. _ 

Mills, Captain, 71; Roger Q., 192. 

Mine River, 106. 

Mine Riui, 99. 

Minerals, plumbago, 117; Iron, 
gold, 118. 

Minor, Dabney, 38. 

Minute Men, 64; Camp, 57. 



MiSCELLANEOtJS, I74. 

Missions, 45. 

Mitchell, Henry, 66. 

Monacan, Indians, 52. 

Monroe, Wm., 138; Will of 138; 
grave of, 143; Orange 
Humane Society, 139. 

Montague, 72; Peter, 71. 

Montebello, 207. 

Montpelier, sketch, 208. 

MoNTPELiER Guards. Rosters, 
John Brown Raid, 263; Con- 
fedei-ate War, 264-6. 

Moore, 77; Francis. 36, 44, 65(3), 
69, 70, 7i(2);J. B.,4o;R. T., 
38; Thos. 60, 66; Wm., 44, 
63. 65, 7r. 

Morgan, M., 26. 29. 

Morton, Eliiah, 50; Geo. 73; Jack- 
son, 192; James W., 164; Jer- 
emiah, 192 ;Wm., 50, 74. 

Mouldin, Richard, 26. 

Motrnt George, iii. 

Moiontain Road, 29. 

Mountain Run, 99, 106(2). 

Mountains, "South West," 114; 
Water shed, 114; Elevation 
of, 115. 

Mount Sharon, 209-10. 

Mount Spotswood, iii. 

Musters, militia, 125. 



N 



Negro Run, 133. 

Newman, Abner, 124; James, 
sketch, 192; James Barbour, 
record of rainfall, xi8. 

New River, 31. 



288 



History of Orange County 



Newspapers, 128-9, "Expositor," 
"Express," "Native Virgi- 
nian," "Observer," "Pied- 
mont Virginian, " "Southern 
Chronicle", at Orange; "Ga- 
zette" at Gordons ville. 

Nichols, Albert, 40. 

Northern Pass, loi. 

North Moiintains, 30. 

North River, 31. 

Northwest Territory, 14. 



O 



Oak Hill, 61, 210. 

"Old Trap," 179. 

Opechancanough, 16. 

Orange, Genesisof, 17-25; Coun- 
ties formed from it, 18; Name, 
22; Established, 23; Boimda- 
ries explained, 24; Organi- 
zation, 26-32. 

Orange Horseman's Association, 
169. 

Orange Humane Society, incor- 
porated, 139; Trusteesof, 139; 
General history, of, 139-143. 

Orange C. H., incorporations and 
trustees, 40, 41. 

Orange Rangers, Roster. 273-4. 

Ordinaries, regulation of, 122. 

Overton, Captain, 59. 



Page, Mann A., 40(2). 
Pamunkey, 42, 47; Neighborhood, 

170. 
Pannill, Dr. D., T77; Wm, 65. 



Patton, James, 31. 

Paulitz, Philip, 82. 

Payler, Christopher, 8^. 

Pearcey, Charles, 69,^ 

Pendleton, Edmund, 176; John, 
142. 

Peter, slave, beheaded, 134. 

Peyton's Battery, Roster, 
272-3 

Phillips, David, 30; Leonard, 30. 

Physical Features, 114-iao; 
Elevations ,115. 

Pillory, 34, 38. 

Pine Stake Church, 29, 44. 

Plank road, 131. 

Pleasant View, sketch, 210. 

Point Pleasant, 60. 

Pollard, James, 26, 27, 34. 

Pollock, John, 124. 

Poplar Run, 179. 

Population, white, free negroes, 
slaves, i860, 172; whites, 
negroes, 1900, 172. 

Porter, 77; Benjamin, 29, 30, 180; 
Charles, 74, 75, 136. 

Porteus, James, 30. 

Potatoe Rtui, 29. 

Pounds, 7. 

Powell, Ambrose, 58, 60, 61 ; Benj. 
59; Simon, 60, 6i;Thos., 59; 

Price, John, 71. 

Prison, 34, 38. 

Prison bounds, 8. 

"Progress to the Mines," 87- 
97; The journey, 87; Arrival, 
88; The visit, 88-94; Depart- 
ure, 94; Inspection of mines, 
95; Return, via Fredericks- 
burg, 96-7. 

Public Schools, statistics, 171. 



Index 



28g 



Q 

Quarles, William, 38. 
R 

Raccoon Ford, ^^, 34. 

Railroads, Louisa, Narrow gauge. 
Orange and Alexandria, 
Southern, 131 ;C. & O., 132; 
Mileage of each, 132. 

Rainfall, 118, 119. 

Randolph, John, 127, 203 

Rape, 137. 

Rapidan, 28, 29(2), 32, 33, 34, 99, 
1 1 1 ; Neighborhood, 170. 

Rappahannock, 32, 37; River, 87. 

Ratings, prices of commodities, 
122. 

Rawlings, Richard, 40. 

Reconstruction, 160-65. 

Rector, Jacob, 80. 

"Reform Convention," 145. 

Revenues, state, covmty, district, 
171. 

Revolution, (See appendix, not 
indexed), 63-70; Culpeper 
Minute Men, 64, 75; Commit- 
tees of Safety 64; Great 
Bridge, battle of, 64; Sundry 
orders and allowances, 70-75; 
La Fayette's headquarters, 
74. 

Revolution, War of, Ajjpendix 

E, 247-57- 
Rice, Michael, 60, 61. 
Richeson, William, 30. 
Riddle, James, 60, 61; John, 134. 
Roan Oak, 31. 
Roanoke Island, 13. 



Roberts, James, 60. 

Robinson, 29, 98, 112, 180; Geo., 

31 ; Thomas A., 40. 
Robertson, 33(2), 98; William, 28, 

33- 
Rockl.'vnds, sketch, 210. 

Rogers, William, 59, 61; Wm. B, 
116, 118; W. S., 168. 

Rose Hill, 211. 

Rosters, Montpelier Guard, John 
Brown Raid, Appendix G, 
263; Confederate, 264-6. 

Ruckers, 44. 

Ruckersville, 42. 

Russel, 94; Peter, 36; Wm., 60; 
134. 



St. George Parish, 21, 78, 79. 

St. Mark Parish, 22, 42, 45(2), 79. 

St. Thomas Church, 43. 

St. Thomas Parish, 42, 45, 49. 

Sanders, Nathaniel, 51, 71. 

Sanford, Wallace, W., 212. 

Sanford, Pierce, 38. 

Sapony, Indians, 56. 

Schools, 128. 

Scott, 44, 77; E. W., 171; Garrett, 

3, 162, 163; Johnny, 65, 71, 

(3), 74; W. W., 129. 
Seal, County, 177. 
Seventh Virginia Infantry, list 

of Orange Soldiers in, 271-2. 
Shackleford, Henry, 60, 61. 
Sheible, George, 82. 
Shepherd, 44; Andrew, 71, 75; 

James, 40. 
Sherrando, 30, 31. 
Shilling, 7. 






'■■#■■ 



290 



History of Orange County 



Sims, William, 60. 

Singleton, Edmund, 72. 

Slaughter, Francis, 26, 27, 34, 134; 
Rev. Philip, 98; Robt., 26(2), 
27, 30, 34, 134; R- C., 168. 

Smallpox, permit to inoculate for, 

177- 

Smith, 3;^, 77;Capt., 71, 98; Austin 
98, 104, 106; Aitgitstine, 26, 
27(4), 28; John, 26, 134; 
Michael, 82; Wm., 29, 60, 61. 

Snow, John, 28, 29. 

Snyder, Hendrick, 82; Henry, 82. 

Social, customs, habits, dress, 122. 

Soldier's Rest, 211. 

Somerset, 42, 49; Sketch, 212; 
Neighborhood, 170. 

Somerville's Ford, 36. 

Southall, Stephen, 73. 

Southern Chronicle, 129. 

South River, 25. 

South West Movmtains, 180. 

Spencer, Joseph, 50, 76, 177. 

Spillman, John, 80. 

Spotswood, 98; Col. Alex., 28, 
,34(3). 35. 42, 56, 77. 80, 81, 
82, 83, 98, 150; Sketch, 
193-4; Mrs., 88; John, 88. 

Spotsylvania, formed, boiindaries, 
19, 23, 85, 100. 

Spout Run, 31. 

Springs, mineral, 1T7; Freestone, 
118. 

Stallings, G., 76. 

Stanard, W., 180; W. G., 6. 

"Starving Time," 15. 

Staunton River, 25, 29. 

Staves, Sarah, 71. 

Stephen, Adam, Colonel, 60. 

Stephensburg, 60. 



Stevens, General, 74; John, 177. 
Streams, principal, 114. 
Stilfy, Lewis, 134. 
Stocks, 34, 38. 
Stodgill, James, 30. 
Strother, Lawrence. 56. 
Stuart, General, 49. 
Stubblefield, 72. 
Style, old and new, 7. 
Sumpter, Gen., sketch, 194. 
Swift, Run, 99; Gap, 99. 



Taliaferro, S3> 38, 44, 76, 771 Jno., 
IS, 26, 27(3), 180(2); J. P., 
Sketch, 194; Lawrence, 64, 
180; Wm., 361; W. R., 164; 
Tolever, 76. 

Taliaferro, Road, 29. 

Tax.\ble Values, comparative 
table, i860, 1866, 1906, 173. 

Taylor, 33, 77, 98; Erasmus, 36, 
47; Francis, 65, 66, 68, 76; 
Roster of Compan)'^ in Revo. . 
Appendix, 252; Geo., 36, 37: 
Hancock, 62; James, 29, 65, 
65, 70, 84, 180(2); John, 38. 
194; Robt., 38(2), 76, 139; 
Wm.B., 40; Z., 26; Zacharv, 
sketch. 195-6. 

Terrell, Edmund, 124; Wm, 124. 

Temperature, mean, 120. 

Test, the, 8. 

Thacker, E., 180. 

Thompson, Alexandor, 31 ; David, 

59. 61. 
Thornton, Daniel, 74; F., 15. 
Thornton River, old name for 

Sotith River. ;?<;. 



^^r 



Index 



291 



Tinkling Springs, 31. 

Thomas, 77; Joseph, 37; Robt., 
73; Rowland, 44, 65, 71; 
Wm., 74; Thomases, 44. 

Tithable, 7. 

Tobacco, 129. 

Todd, 98; Wm., t8o. 

Toddsberth, 48, 49. 

Todd's Branch, 29. 

Todd's Marble Quarry, 116. 

Todd's Path, 29. 

Tomahawk Branch, 57; Camp of 
Minute Men, 57. 

Tombstone, oldest, 204; Madison's 
206; Dolly Madison's, 306. 

Turner, Robert, 28, 82. 

Turnpike, Swift Rvm, 130; Rock- 
ingham, 146; Blue Ridge, 145. 

Tuscarora Branch, 31. 

U 

Union League, i6o. 
Utz, George, 82. 



Vaughan, William, 61. 

Vawter, William, 59. 

Verdier, Paul, 124. 

Verdiersville, 44; "MyDears- 
ville," 179. 

Virginia, Company of London, 13 ; 
of Plymouth. 14; Charters, 
14; Original limits, 14; Seat- 
ing OF, 13 et seq. 

"Virginians of the Valley" poem, 
103. 

"Voltaire," a noted horse, 178-9. 

Vote in i860, 148. 



W 



.'ji-i/^iiEiiavia 



Waddel, James, 44, 47, 127; 

Sketch, 197-200; Memorial 

Church, 197. 
Wails, Major, 76. 
Walker, Charles, 59; James, 65; 

John, 70, 179; Thos., 59. 
Waller, Colonel, 90. 
Wambersie, Mr., 44. 
War Period, 148-159; Cockades, 

148 ; Appropriations by Coim- 

ty Coiart, 151 et seq. 
War of 1812, Appendix D, 244-46. 
Warner, John, 60. 
Washington, 58, 97; Inscription 

on statue, 192; Augustine, 

176; Lawrence, 176. 
Watkins, Evan, 31. 
Watson, William, 60. 
Watts, Charles, 60, 61; David, 61. 
Waugh, Alexander, 29; Chas. S., 

13s; Waughs, 72, 77. 
Weaver, Tilman, 80. 
Webb, 47, 72; Wm., 73. 
Westover Manuscripts, 87. 
White, Jeremiah, 71; Willis, 124; 

Whites, 44. 
White Oak River, 108. 
William and Mary College, 28,193. 
Williams, 40; Francis, 30; Jacob, 

59; John, 59, J. G., 164, 168, 

180; Lewis B., 40, 164, 180; 

sketch, 200; William, 49; 

W. G. 164. 
Willis, Harry, 95; Henry, 26(3); 

Col. George, 27, 170; John,' 

36; Larkin, ten sons in 

Confederate Army, 158; 

Willis, 77; Col. 96; Willises, 

44, 159- 



C/- 



292 



History of Orange County 



Wingate, John, 66, 67. 
Winslow, F., 139. 
Wirt, William, 47, 197. 
Wolford, General, 76. 
Wolves' heads, bounty on, 130. 
Wood, James. 
Wood Park, 213. 
Woodbcrry Forest, 27. 
Woodford's Mt., 104, 112. 
Woodley, sketch, 212-13. 
Wood's Gap. 102. 
Woods, George, 
Wood's River, 31. 



Woolfolk, 6; W., 6; John, sketch, 
200-1 ; John L., Thomas, 139. 
Wythe, Geo., 176. 



Yates, B., 180. 

Yeager, Nicholas, 82. 

York, 74. 

York River, 17; head spring, 114. 



Zimmerman, Christopher, 29, 82. 
Zion Meeting House, 48. 



N 



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